107).
"The computer security specialist had stated that the Computer Underground, as it is called by those who participate in it, is composed of people adhering to one of several roles: hacker, phreaker, pirate, cracker, and computer virus developer. Terms such as these have different meanings for those who have written about the computer underground."(Holinger, 1988).
Computer security specialists on the other hand, are often quick to identify the CU as criminals. Similarly, some reject the notion that there are different roles and motivations among the computer underground and participants object to the overuse and misuse of the word hacking. Their objection centers around the indiscriminate use of the word to refer to computer related crimes in general and not specifically the activities of the computer underground: Whenever the slightest little thing happens involving computer security, the media suggest it is hackers.
The use of the word hacker, which is now generally accepted to be part of the CU, has gone through drastic changes in the definition. Hacker was first applied to computer related activities when programmers used it in the late 1950's. At that time, it referred to the pioneering researchers, such as those at M.I.T., who were constantly adjusting and experimenting with the technology. A hacker is the context refers to an unconventional, yet talented professional programmer. The use of the term still exists today, through it is largely limited to professional computing circles. The computer professional believe that using hackers (or hacking) to refer to any illegal or illicit activity is a corruption of the true meaning of the word. Bob Bickford, a professional programmer who has organized several programmer conferences, explained this at a conference called Hackers 4.0:.
"We had 200 of the most brilliant computer professionals in the world together for the weekend; this crowd included several PhD's, several presidents of companies (including large companies, such as Pixar), and various artists, writers, engineers, and programmers.
The beginning of the electronic communication revolution that started with the public use of telephones to the emergence of home computers has been accompanied by corresponding social problems involving the activities of so-called "computer hackers," or better referred to as the computer underground (CU). The CU is composed of computer aficionados who stay on the fringes of legality. ...
A Computer crime is generally defined as any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology. ... Theft of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime of theft of computer services when he accesses a computer system with the intent to obtain unauthorized computer services. Interruption of computer services. ... Secret Service, private telephone security, and state and local law enforcement groups across the country all joined forces in a determined attempt to break the back of America's electronic underground. ...
One of the least important aspects of computers is that it provides entertainment and yet this is the sole reason why many people buy computers. ... For example, the traffic lights at all intersections are controlled by computers and sometimes even with the support of underground sensors. ... Probably the most widely used program on a computer is the word processor. ... Another duty of the computer is that it aids the access of information. ... The computer can also accomplish smaller chores with ease. ...
Computer Crime Laws must be passed to address the increase in the number and types of computer crimes. ... "When computers were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computer system... He was being charged with running an underground hack system. ... "I was 17 and I needed money and the people in the underground taught me many things. ... (Interview w/Raven) "Finally, one of the thefts involving the computer is the theft of computer time. ...
Definitions of computer crime has changed over the years as the users and misusers of computers have expanded into new areas. "When computers were first introduced into businesses, computer crime was defined simply as a form of white-collar crime committed inside a computer system... He was being charged with running a underground hack system. ... "I was 17 and I needed money and the people in the underground taught me many things. ... (Interview w/Raven) "Finally, one of the thefts involving the computer is the theft of computer time. ...
Computer Crime It's the weekend, you have nothing to do so you decide to play around on your computer. ... Then it becomes a crime, but what is a computer crime really, obviously it involves the use of a computer but what are these crimes. ... Electronic Toll Fraud Devices are known as Boxes in the underground. ... As it stands right now, the BBS world is in two parts Pirating and the Underground, which consists of Hackers/Phreaks/Anarchists/Carders(Credit Card Fraud)/Virus programmers. ... This will deter alot of would-be computer criminal away....
In my paper I will discuss computer crimes dealing the government, computer stalking, and computer criminals. ... Computer crimes can be committed by anyone who has access to a computer. ... Many can be found on underground Internet sites, discussion groups, or private bulleting boards on the web. ... Computer crimes are in full sweep and anyone who has access to a computer can become a computer criminal. ... Computer stalking is usually ...
Systematic analysis is when the computer software breaks down an object and can tell what is in it and if it is important or not based on what the computer uncovers. When archaeologists use computers they make less mistakes, practically none. ... Archaeologists find this interesting because they take the scrolls and cleaned them off then they scanned them into the computer and with a special computer program that has a generated text program, and with the scrolls being scanned in the computer, they can run searches on it and the computer will fill in the missing words so they can tell what the...
Hackers Since the introduction of personal computers in the 1970's, the art of computer hacking has grown along with changing roles of computers in society. Computers have taken over our lives. People could not function without them; our electricity is run by computers, the government could not function without computers, and there are many others. ... Hackers in those days were basically just computer experts. ... This underground culture will not disappear anytime soon. ...