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William D Phillips


X-band is the most commonly used EPR spectrometer it has a range of 9-10 GHz. .
             When Bill was senior at Juniata, he applied for several graduate schools; among them were Princeton, Harvard, and MIT. Phillips decided to go with MIT, because of the great group of physicists Dan Kleppner had. During several hard long weeks in 1970, Bill married his wife Jane and moved to Boston. There he started to study EPR again, while learning how to handle electronics, plumbing, machining, and vacuuming. For Bill's thesis research, he measured the magnetic moment of the proton in H20. Which is used today as the most precise measurement ever of the proton in H20. Soon tunable dye lasers were "commercially"(4) available to own, eventually a few made their way to Phillip's lab. Because of Bills interest in lasers he decided to study the collisions of laser-excited atoms. Excitedly, he wrote up both experiments for his thesis, which he defended in 1976. After his write-ups, he continued to stay with MIT, working on Einstein's Bose-Einstein condensation in spin-polarized hydrogen. In 1978 after Bill had finished his research papers he found was offered a job at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). There he could continue his research on laser cooling. In 1979, he borrowed some money from the NIST and began to develop the Laser cooling and Trapping of neutral atoms. This was a breakthrough in modern day science. .
             To develop the ability to cool the laser ("The reduction of random thermal velocities using radiative forces."(1)) Took about a decade to accomplish. The principles of a laser are: an atom with mass m, velocity v and muffled frequency n0 is illuminated by a counter-propagaining laser beam with frequency nL. When the laser frequency satisfies the condition n0=nL(1+ v/c), the atom absorbs a photon. Its momentum changes the atomic velocity. After many cycles of absorption and emission, the velocity of the atom becomes nearly zero.


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