He has researched in the field of World English's and has published several books and research papers (Braj Kachru, online).
2.2.1 The Circles of English.
Kachru developed the model of the three circles of English to illustrate the use of English in different countries. The inner circle represents the traditional bases of English, or to simplify, countries in which English is a first language: the UK, the US, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, anglophone Canada and some of the Caribbean territories. The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the US.
The outer circle, which includes countries where English is not the native tongue but used as an additional language and is important for historical reasons or plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise. This circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150-300 million.
The expanding circle encompasses those countries where English does not play a historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a foreign language or lingua franca. This includes much of the rest of the world's population: China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe, etc. The total in this expanding circle is the most difficult to estimate, especially because English may be employed for specific, limited purposes, usually business English. The estimates of these users range from 100 million to one billion. (White R, online).
3. Liberation linguistics vs. Deficit linguistics.
To use Kachru's model, the controversy is carried out between a scholar from the inner circle (Quirk) and a scholar from the outer circle (Kachru). The start of this debate dates back to the 1980s when, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the British Council a volume entitled English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literature was published.
