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The Samurai Philosophy


            Samurai culture and behaviors were significantly developed during the warring years from the 14th to 15th century, as well as in the Tokugawa era afterwards. Two well known works, "The Book of Five Rings" by Miyamoto Musashi, and "Hagakure," written by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, both consist of profound ideology about being samurai. However, the philosophies in these two books vary considerably as they focus on different aspects of the Samurai culture. In the Book of Five Rings, Miyamoto emphasizes tactics of duels and battle, and concentrates on the importance of winning a battle against opponents; however, in Hagakure, Yamamoto spends more time explaining the beauty of an honorable death and the importance of loyalty to a master. The former appears to be more strategic and practical, while the latter expresses an ideal and aesthetic sense. This may result from the difference between the warring era and the Tokugawa era. Miyamoto Musashi focuses more on strategy because he was nurtured in an uncivilized environment where people were fighting over land and winning was particularly important for attaining power, and to avoid bringing shame to masters and families. On the other hand, Yamamoto Tsunemoto was born in a peaceful era under the Tokugawa Shogunate, and there were no Samurai who were involved in actual battles besides personal conflicts. Thus, Yamamoto may have emphasized the bravery and violent nature of the Samaurai because he was angry about the restrictions on samurai culture; he may even have been nostalgic for the older ways.
             In Hagakure, the repeating ideology that Yamamoto frequently mentions was an aesthetic sense of a Samurai's death. From his view, a Samurai should always be prepared to die for their lords and their pride. An honorable death is always superior to a shameful escape. This means, rather than trying to avoid conflicts as often as possible, a respectable Samurai should rise to fight whenever his self-esteem has been damaged.


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