1. Creating a Low-Anxiety Classroom
... languages. Maclntyre and Gardner defined FLA as the feeling of tension and apprehension specifically associated with second language contexts, including speaking, listening, and learning; and Horwitz et al. described language anxiety as " a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors related to classroom language learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process" (Cited in Javad Riasalti 907-917). Types of Anxiety ... & Rodgers 113). Several studies have been conducted aiming at testing the effectiveness of techniques or strategies to decre...
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