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Fundamental Citizen Rights in India


             In 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police, and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals, warrant-less searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of media and publications. The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.
             In 1928, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[3] Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges.
             Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives.


Essays Related to Fundamental Citizen Rights in India

1. The Indian Constitution

... Minister. Therefore, he is the real Head of the State. Our Constitution has given some Fundamental Rights to all citizens. These rights cannot be taken back except in the case of an emergency. These rights are right to freedom, right to vote and the right to constitutional remedies. Every citizen has the freedom to express his thoughts and ideas. He can express his thoughts and ideas ... like the Islamic Republic of Pakistan or other Islamic countries. Further, Indian secularism guarantees equal freedom to all religions. The Constitution grants the Right to Religious Freedom to the enti...

  • Word Count: 1582
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Grade Level: High School

2. Conflict Map; Sri Lanka

... the expediency of the moment. The Sinhalese are linked to the Indo-Aryans and trace their origin to the arrival of Prince Vijaya from Bengal in India about 2,500 years ago. The historical chronicles, the Mahavamsa and the Chulawansa, both record the turbulent historical part of the island from the ... used the power that flows from independence to deny us our fundamental rights and reduce us to the position of a subject people. The Tamil nation must take the decision to establish its sovereignty in its homeland on the basis of its rights to self-determination. On behalf of the TULF, I .....

  • Word Count: 7747
  • Approx Pages: 31
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3. Civil Disobedience Research Paper

... do so," founding father Thomas Jefferson expressed. "Civil disobedience becomes a sacred duty when the state has become lawless or corrupt. And a citizen who barters with such a state shares in its corruption and lawlessness,"preeminent leader Gandhi voiced. "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws," nobel peace prize winner, civil ... than yield to immoral or unethical government laws and activities. For example, Gandhi led the movement for independence in India by using nonviolent civil disobedience. His contrivances drove the British from India, Since Gandhi, many indivi...

  • Word Count: 3194
  • Approx Pages: 13
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  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

4. Hungarian politics

... Income Tax Treaties Countries with which Hungary has income tax treaties include: Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, ... 1,000 live births. The Population of person per physician is approximately 312 people Population per hospital bed is 120 people....

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5. Global Business Strategy

... manager can be added into the HRM functions. The expatriate manager is a citizen of one country who is working abroad in one of the firm's subsidiaries (Hill, p. 564). There are always legal risks involved in any company whether it is domestic or international firm. Legal risks may include in adequate contracts, lack of protection on property and employment issues. Legal risks might ... business must also think about the ethical issues involved. There are three issues that have become the focus of debate in recent years. They are: 1) the ethics of doing business in nations that violate ...

  • Word Count: 2381
  • Approx Pages: 10
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6. Same Sex Marriages

... that it ensured succession of the priesthood to their sons. It made social sense as a means of apprenticeship and for the passing on of wealth. • India Dowries are as old as India, but in recent years, the bride's parents are expected to give large amounts of cash and gifts such as televisions, cars and refrigerators. When they do not, the ... if gay couples should be included in existing marriage laws or whether a separate system should be established. Lawmakers are considering a statewide domestic partnership registry that would provide identical benefits without the marriage label. ...

  • Word Count: 3999
  • Approx Pages: 16
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7. Political Party Reforms for a Stronger Democracy

... ? If parties lose control of policy and the state, citizens lose as well." Patric Syed, in an essay in Parliamentary Affairs, (In praise of Party: Vol. 51, No.2 April "98) very effectively advocates the need for good parties. He says, "None of these proposals for citizen juries, deliberative polls, referendum, state funding, elected city mayors or electoral reform are universal panaceas ... with the Rights. Apart from the demise of socialistic ideas from several parts of the globe, the forces of economic liberalization too are causing the emergence of the phenomenon of "End of Ideology"....

  • Word Count: 3980
  • Approx Pages: 16
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. Annotation - Letter from Birmingham Jail

... , and through its affiliation with churches and its advocacy of nonviolence, sought to put the struggle for civil rights in moral terms. Headquartered in Atlanta, SCLC is now a nationwide organization with chapters and affiliates located throughout the United States. It continues ... died. Self-Purification Self purification is the cleansing of anger, selfishness and violent attitudes from the heart and soul in preparation for a nonviolent struggle. This is a fundamental aspect of Martin Luther King Jr.'s concept of active resistance/civil disobedience. The practice is deeply spiritual a...

  • Word Count: 6336
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9. Mercenaries and Private Military Companies

... authorized two other forms of similar violence by non state actors: the corsairs and the colonial merchant companies, such as the East India Company or the Hudson Bay Company. At the threshold of the XXI century we are witnessing a similar phenomenon. Although mercenaries have not ... and present concrete proposals on possible new standards, general guidelines or basic principles encouraging the further protection of human rights, in particular the right of peoples to self-determination, while facing current and emergent threats posed by mercenaries or mercenary-related activities; Moni...

  • Word Count: 9871
  • Approx Pages: 39
  • Grade Level: Graduate

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