Full blown Broca's aphasia is produced through extensive damage to Broca's area as well as surrounding areas. Often referred to as non-fluent aphasia, it is characterised by slow, awkward forms of expression and telegraphic speech (lack of function words and word endings) (Gazzaniga, 2002) , but show no paralysis proving a lack of damage to the motor strip within the motor cortex (Banich, 2011). Recent CT scans however, show that lesions which extend into regions underlying the superficial cortical zone of Broca's area, the insular cortex and portions of the basal ganglia (Tallal, 1973) are involved in deficits of Broca's aphasia, and thus are involved in the combination of words. The role of the insular cortex within planning desired speech is evident in the often present apraxia within aphasic patients (although both can occur independently) (Gazzaniga, 2002). These patients maintain the ability to understand written and spoken words because of a second area in the temporal lobe called Wernicke's area (Banich, 2011).
This is an association area used in the second step of speech production: understanding sentences and speaking coherently (Banich, 2011), but is also utilised in the second step of speech reception. Initially received by the ears, sound is first processed by an area located on top of the temporal lobe (Coon & Mitterer, 2012) called Herschl's gyri - which contains the primary auditory cortex. This area transforms electrical signals received from the ears into meaningless sound sensations, and only become recognisable words once sent to an area which surrounds Herschl's gyri and extends into the superior temporal gyrus, called the auditory association area (Banich, 2011). Although the superior temporal gyrus is needed for sound perception, no distinction is made between speech and non-speech sounds (Tallal, 1973). The first indication of such a distinction is in the adjacent superior temporal sulcus, but no lexical-semantic info is processed here.
