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Volcanoes


The gas bubbles produces a tremendous pressure that helps to bring the magma out to the surface and forces it in the air, sometimes to great heights (Hale). .
             Inside a volcano there is a very destructive substance called Magma, which is partially molten rock from which igneous that stands for, when magma comes out of a volcano and becomes solid, rocks form. The magma usually consists of silicate liquid, carbonate and sulfide melts and it migrates either at depth or to the Earth's surface and is ejected as lava. Suspended crystals and fragments of non-melted rock may be transported in the magma; dissolved volatiles may separate as bubbles and some liquid may crystallize during movement (Smithsonian Institution book). .
             Several interrelated physical properties determine the characteristics of magma, including chemical composition, viscosity, dissolved gases, and temperature. As magma cools, crystals form in a systematic manner, which is most simply expressed in the form of Bowen's reaction series; early high-temperature crystals will tend to react with the liquid to form other minerals at lower temperatures. Numerous variations can occur during crystallization to influence the resulting rock. Such variations include separation of early crystals from liquid, preventing a reaction; cooling of magma too rapidly for reactions to occur; and loss of volatiles, which may remove some components from the magma. Transport and emplacement of magma is strongly affected by its viscosity and by the fracture characteristics of rocks through which it moves. Also, viscosity is reduced by water and lower silica content (The Oregonian).
             This paper purpose is mainly to inform the impact of volcanic eruptions on the environment and human kind. Volcanic eruptions effects had begun since ancient time, and the results can be seen now. In brief, prevention methods are explained with details in this paper and also the steps to be prepare for a volcanic eruption (Yorkshire).


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