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Science Notes


            
             Modern elements are less evocative but more numerous, they make up just over one hundred basic substances.
             All things consist of particles called atoms.
             The way molecules behave governs the workings of many machines, such as ships, airplanes, pumps, refrigerators, and combustion engines.
             Molecules of gases are so hyperactive that they will fill any space open to them.
             In liquids, the molecules are less energetic and go haphazardly around in small groups.
             In a solid, the molecular bonds are strong and hold the molecules firmly together so that the solid is hard and rigid.
             Heat is a form of energy.
             The point at which all heat vanishes is called absolute zero.
             The atoms of elements are made up of even smaller particles - electrons, which form the outer shells of each atom, and protons and neutrons, which make up its nucleus.
             Water does move out of the way when any thing enters it. But rather than leaving nothing below an immersed object, the water around it pushes back and tries to support the object. If the water succeeds, the object floats.
             Upthrust increases as more and more of the raft settles in the water. At some point, the upthrust becomes equal to the weight of the raft and the raft floats.
             The density factor, rather that weight, determines whether things float or sink.
             The density of an object is equal to its weight divided by its volume.
             By adjusting the amount of water in the tanks, a submarine's weight and buoyancy can be precisely regulated.
             All powered craft that travel in or on water move by imparting movement to the water or air around them and they steer by altering the direction in which the water or air flows.
             The loading of a ship is regulated by marks on the side of the hull. The lines indicate loading limits for a variety of seas and seasons.
             Principles of propulsion and heavier - than - air flight are: 1. Action and reaction, and: 2. Suction.
             The sail is able to propel the boat at any angle to the wind except head-on.


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