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PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCE PROBLEM


             4. The absence of cardiac innervations causes steady and almost no-changing rise in HR, due to the absence of an autonomic response. This can be seen when compared to the sedentary individual, where he has a lower minimum HR due to the parasympathetic response and a height maximum HR due to the sympathetic response.
             5. The difference in the slope of the athlete and the sedentary individual is due to the fact the athlete has conditioned himself to have a lower HR when in a no working state making him more efficient than the sedentary individual. This is seen in the range in HR in these individuals, as both have similar maximum heart rates, but the athlete has a lower HR of 20bpm than the sedentary individual. Therefore the slopes of the lines are very .
             Similar except for the starting heart and that the athlete is able to perform more work (more oxygen consumption) than the sedentary individual because of this.
             SECTION 2: STROKE VOLUME.
             6. There is not much change in the stroke volume in the individual with quadriplegia as there is no motor function, while the in the heart transplantation individual increases steadily only due to a functioning venous pump.
             7. The steady rise in stroke volume can be seen in both the sedentary and cardiac transplantation individuals due to both of them having a working venous return.
             8. The athlete has a much higher starting and finishing stroke volume, due to the fact that he has conditioned his heart rate so that it is slower but more efficient, producing a greater stroke volume.
             Table 1: Cardiac Output Data.
             Oxygen Consumption (L/min) Cardiac Output (L/min).
             Athlete 0.25 5.130.
             0.40 7.000.
             0.65 8.710.
             0.85 10.200.
             1.00 11.900.
             1.5 15.010.
             2.0 18.252.
             3.0 24.024.
             4.5 33.200.
             6.0 37.370.
             .
             Cardiac Transplant 0.25 5.000.
             0.40 6.018.
             0.65 7.622.
             0.85 8.132.
             1.00 8.800.
             1.5 10.976.
             2.0 11.880.
             .
             Sedentary 0.25 4.830.
             0.40 6.000.
             0.65 7.440.
             0.85 8.610.
             1.00 10.810.
             1.5 13.000.
             2.0 15.965.
             3.0 20.020.
             3.5 21.280.
             .
             Quadriplegic 0.25 4.100.
             0.40 5.000.
             0.


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