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Rape & Sexual Assault

The women's movement of the 1960s spawned the anti-rape movement which incited change in the legal arena and was the first time that acquaintance rape was identified and studied. Rape crisis centers, marches, speak outs, and feminist organizations, challenged the public's ideology regarding the definitions as well as the prevalence of the act of rape. New laws have been formed such as the federal Violence Against Women Act in 1994 which provides for law enforcement and prosecution grants to assist states to develop and strengthen effective law enforcement and prosecution strategies and victim services in cases involving violent crimes against women.
             There are two primary theories and assumptions as to why a sexual offenders commit sexual violence or assault. Offender-related theories suggest that factors at the individual level contribute to the likelihood of a person committing sexually violent acts. These range from biological factors such as evolution, physiology, substance abuse, and psychopathology. Societal-influence theories suggests that environmental factors such as attitude and social learning contribute to the occurrence of sexual violence.
             The offender-related theory of evolution states that the differences between men and women in current human mating patterns may be the result of strategies that created reproductive success among our human ancestors. This theory is not accepted by most researchers and does not address the large number of assaults lacking reproductive consequences because they involve oral or anal penetration or victims who are prepubescent or male. Evolution alone cannot account for sexual assault or intimate partner violence.
             Another assumption in the offender-related theory is that Physiology and Neurophysiology traits such as hormones, chemicals in the body, head traumas, or brain abnormalities can cause offenders to be sexually violent. There is a correlation between testosterone levels in humans and aggression, but it is not clear whether testosterone levels lead to aggressive behavior or rise as a result of aggressive behavior.


Essays Related to Rape & Sexual Assault

1. Sexual Assault and Prison Rape

... their own to give the complainant, to follow it through administrative channels and, having drained those avenues, to initiate a lawsuit in court. Acknowledging that one has been a victim of rape or sexual assault poses a significant difficulty for any victim. The victim may have overwhelmed feelings of guilt. The reporting of the actual event may be very challenging and the victim may be uncertain ... the victim the best protection, assuming that the officer is not the perpetrator of the act. While most scholarly and public attention is paid to inmate-on-inmate same-sex rape or sexual ...

  • Word Count: 1098
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

2. Sexual Violence

... (1994), most transgender victims of sexual assault do not report assaults to the police due to the discrimination they often encounter from police. Those assaults that were reported were dealt with in a manner that the victims found almost universally unsatisfactory. Discrimination from doctors and medical service providers was also commonly reported. There are also no transgender-specific rape, sexual assault and incest recovery services in ... Australia. Sexual Violence in Relationships The research literature and statistics suggest that the victims' willingness to report offences to ...

  • Word Count: 3415
  • Approx Pages: 14
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

3. Acquaintance Rape

... raped every two minutes. It took me about eight minutes to write this page so far, which leaves 4 more victims of sexual assault to add to our statistics. It's absolutely disgusting how we have socially and legally ignored this problem. Acquaintance rape is an epidemic leading to unneeded cases of people suffering from anorexia, bulimia, self injury, suicide, depression, PTSD, borderline ... no, weren't you. So what's the confusion about? Socio-cultural considerations are central to explanations of rape supportive attitudes and sexual assault. American culture influences the on- going s...

  • Word Count: 1992
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

4. Rape Is It Being Taken As Seriously As It Should

... % were female and 9% were male (National Woman's). If the victim was drinking alcohol or taking drugs at the time of the attack, sexual assault is still a crime ("Sexual Assualt"). Some people, mostly teens, take rape as a joke. And usually, they"re the ones who been raped or sexually assulted the most. Out of all the women who reported being raped, 54% were under the ... behavior, and 42% told no one. 13.3% of college women say they were forced to have sex in a dating situtation ("Facts About Sexual Assault"). Victims of rape often blame themselves for the attack (Greenhevan Press 9). 4...

  • Word Count: 1520
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

5. Sexual Abuse (Rape)

... of drug use help to cause the victims to be disoriented and it prevents them from resisting. There are many effects of an act of rape or sexual assault. The psychological effects can include post-traumatic stress syndrome, and rape trauma syndrome, which can be identified by constant fear and being timid, helplessness, guilt, humiliation and depression, anger, and also embarrassment, among many other ... , like the United States, also recognize this act as being distracting, and harmful, and they also have laws prohibiting these acts. Sexual harassment often has harmful effects on the vi...

  • Word Count: 1047
  • Approx Pages: 4

6. Sexual Assault

... consent." This could be sexual harassment, sexual pressure of any form as well as sexual activity between an adult and a child. There are many different types of sexual assault which are acquaintance sexual assault, strangers" sexual assault, multiple perpetrators (gang rape) sexual assault of men spousal sexual assault and sexual assault by women. In some of these cases, other issues come into sight such as pedophilia, pregnancy, sexual problems and etc. Pedophilia ... comes up when the sexual assault id on a child by an adult. Pregnancy may occur if ... do it to her but with her conse...

  • Word Count: 1051
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

7. Sexual Assaults on Campus

... on college campuses. What is perhaps most disturbing about violence on college campus is that the majority of incidents, including rape and other sexual assaults, are committed by the students themselves. It is important to raise awareness around the intense reality that sexual assault still exists on U.S. college campuses because it is a major problem, especially since campus administration don't understand the ... questions raised in recent years about how prominent colleges have handled rape allegations and related issues." Gradually many colleges have begun to pay more attention to ...

  • Word Count: 1024
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

8. The Australian Legal System Fails Rape Victims

... being so low, the most worrying being "fear of legal system" or at least a lack of faith in it, by victims. A Rape Crisis Hotline in Victoria receives 15,000 calls per year from distressed women who are victims of sexual assault. Most of them do not report their ordeal to the police for this exact reason; "the victims fear the system, the think ... it will just chew them up and spit them out with nothing to show for the whole nightmare". Other reasons cited by rape victims for not reporting attacks include "feeling ashamed ... Ewart: "Do you think that puts women off going to court?" J...

  • Word Count: 1074
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

9. Sexual Assault And Sport

... commonly accused. Physical aggression was is measured by an item concerning whether the respondents ever phycially harmed or injured other persons outside sport. Sexual assault on college campauses has received increasing public attention especially involving athletes. Several serrveys have found that a disproportionate number of admitted asquaintance rapes on ... among those college men most likely to be accused of participation in gang rape(Bohmer&Parrot,1993). Most of the research indicated the sports that are the most physical are more likely to commit gang rape. Also what was suppri...

  • Word Count: 1162
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

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