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Enzymes

            
             Enzymes are large molecules of amino acids that have various shapes and functions. As naturally-occurring biological catalysts, they aid in everything from digestion in humans to the decay of wood and leaves. They also represent a logical tool for pulp and paper production. The world's largest industrial use of enzymes is in starch hydrolysis and the production of syrups and prepared foods.
             Industrial and Commercial Use of Enzymes: .
             The industrial use of enzymes spans a variety of applications, such as:.
            
             • "stonewashing" blue jeans.
            
             • clarifying apple juice.
            
             • improving the quality of baked goods.
             .
             Industrial applications of these materials rely on natural enzymatic mechanisms, which are refocused and intensified to achieve desired results. Since pulp and paper is based on organic fibres, enzyme-based approaches are a natural solution.
             .
             Immobilised enzymes:.
             An immobilised enzyme is an enzyme literally that has been attached to a support that takes the form of small beads. The techniques for immobilisation vary. .
             1. Chemical (covalent) attachment of the enzyme to a supporting material. .
             2. Gel entrapment: the enzyme is mixed with gel-forming ingredients and when the gel forms the enzyme remains "trapped" in the gel matrix. The pores are large enough to let the substrate in, but not the enzyme out. .
             3. Adsorption to various surfaces is sometimes used but because the attachment is not permanent this method is usually only used for scientific studies or for "disposable" enzymes. .
             4. Encapsulated in a compartment behind a semi-permeable (porous) membrane .
             5. Crosslinking of enzyme molecules .
             The immobilised enzyme beads are added into a reaction tank and are recovered later by sedimentation or they are set up in a reactor column so that liquid flows continuously past the beads. .
             Immobilisation was actually developed in the 1950s. The first commercial use of immobilised enzymes was by the Tanaka Seiyaku company in Japan, where an immobilised aminoacylase was used to resolve amino acids into their L and D isomers.


Essays Related to Enzymes

1. the application of enzymes

... genetic diseases are a result of a particular enzyme deficiency. Similarly certain bacteria are more pathogenic because of an enzyme activity they possess. There are many examples of uses of enzymes in medicine, for example, glucose is always measured by an enzyme based test utilising glucose oxidise. Diabetics use strips of paper impregnated with glucose oxidise to monitor their blood sugar ... , retarding staling of baked products, starch processing and analytical methodology. Important applications include the hydrolysis of specific types of chemical bonds like lactose and carbohydrate...

  • Word Count: 1120
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

2. Enzymes and Food Production

... enzyme supplements to treat specific enzyme deficiencies. A person who is lactose intolerant can take a prolactazyme supplement to properly digest dairy. They can also be used in diagnosis by manipulating the enzymes so they are specific to a selected substrate. They are used in the treatment of fabrics through starch processing. Without starch processing in textiles, they would wear and discolor much quicker ... . In the food industry enzymes convert starch dextrins or glucose chains found in starch into glucose molecules in the production of corn syrup. All of these processes are extre...

  • Word Count: 585
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

3. Temperature, pH and Substrate on Enzymes

... it is quite unlikely for a reaction to take place. The minimal energy that a reaction needs to take place is called activation energy (Function of Enzymes: Substrate, Active Site & Activation Energy, 2015). The amount of activation energy required for a reaction to happen varies, although if it is too ... is when an inhibitor becomes the shape of a substrate that an enzyme binds to and competes with the other substrates to bind to the enzymes active site. Once it reaches that point, it slows down the enzymatic activity. Non-competitive inhibition consists of two different types of inhibit...

  • Word Count: 2123
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

4. Enzymes

... catalysts because they speed up chemical reactions without being affected themselves. They are composed of protein and have an active site, which is complementary in shape to the enzymes substrate. The primary structure of enzymes is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, this chain is called a polypeptide chain, and the secondary structure is where the chain folds to form the ... the body have an optimum p.H which is neutral or slightly alkaline with the exception of pepsin which has an optimum p.H at an acid p.H 2. Outside this narrow p.H range enzymes do not work as well and...

  • Word Count: 396
  • Approx Pages: 2
  • Grade Level: High School

5. Enzymes Lab Overview

... , decreased enzyme activity Example Folic acid synthesis in bacteria by sulfonamide Prontosil. Malonate ions inhibiting the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Metal ions (Hg, Ag, Cu, CN) inhibit enzymes by breaking disulfide linkages Effect of substrate concentration Can be reduced by increasing substrate concentration Increasing substrate concentration does not reduce effect of inhibition. Competitive Inhibition The structure of inhibition ... removed. Applying Your Knowledge 1. In the first experiment, the enzyme catechol oxidase was extracted from potato. However, this was not a purified ...

  • Word Count: 1112
  • Approx Pages: 4
  • Grade Level: High School

6. Science Lab - Understanding Enzymes

... each enzymatic reaction. From the evidence obtained, none of the three hypotheses could be supported. Introduction To understand the effect of enzymes, it is important to recognise the relationship between enzymes and activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts, meaning they speed up a reaction. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, the amount of energy that must be put into the reaction before it can ... ...

  • Word Count: 1941
  • Approx Pages: 8
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

7. Enzymes

... , and enzyme acts as that catalyst on certain other substances. The substance it reacts with is determined by its chemical structure. There are two certain factors that relate to an enzymes chemical structure. Those factors are its specificity and its catalytic activity. The specificity of an enzyme is attributed to a compatible fit between the shape of its active site and the ... amount of light that is absorbed. From my experiment, it can be inferred that the enzyme denatures at high and low temp extremities. Also, it can be inferred that the enzymes have very unstable and weak hydroge...

  • Word Count: 531
  • Approx Pages: 2

8. A Catalase Lab Report - Enzymes

... runs. If it is too hot or too cold, the runner may not run as fast as they could if it were, for example, 10 °C. However, the reason temperature impacts enzymes in that matter is due to kinetic energy. As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy also increases. At the optimal temperature, the molecules are moving as fast as they can ... mixed with the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and yeast, yeast being the catalase. The variables that will be changed are temperature, pH, and concentration. Our class began a lab based around enzymes and how they react when different variables are ...

  • Word Count: 1449
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Grade Level: High School

9. Optimal Temp And PH Of Enzymes

... reaction. In order to do this, the catalyst breaks the bonds and revises the electron clouds to complete the reaction. The catalysts used in biochemical reactions are globular proteins called enzymes. Since enzymes cannot cause inefficient reactions to occur, I can be sure that the reaction will either speed up or have no reaction with the enzyme. The reacting molecule in a reaction with ... ...

  • Word Count: 1671
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

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