Apartheid, literally meaning separateness or setting apart , was the ideology of the South African National Party that made the segregation of and discrimination against non-whites government policy. In this paper I will discuss how two different theories of state repression can be applied to the Apartheid regime in South Africa. I will discuss how High Modernism, a theory constructed by James Scott, and Organic Nationalism, a theory put forth by Michael Mann, contributed to Apartheid ideology. High Modernism rationalized, regulated, structured, and reorganized South Africa into a society that restricted its non-white "citizens," while Organic Nationalism defined the people of South Africa as Afrikaners, validating the exclusion of non-whites from civil existence. .
Unlike most African colonies, the South African colony became the Union of South African in 1910 and was internally self-governed. A small number of land-owning black Africans were allowed to vote until 1936 when that right was revoked. The white minority strongly resisted African majority rule and during the 1940's the Afrikaner National Party sought to mobilize Afrikaner opinion. The National Party convinced the white population that unless the government could exercise firm control over non-whites in South Africa, black Africans would soon dominate both urban centers and the industrial economy. The white minority, fearing African majority rule, voted the National Party into office in 1948's whites-only general election. .
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World War II led to increased industrialization in South Africa. This was because importation of European goods was very difficult during the war, and to compensate South Africa began to produce its own consumer goods. This period of increased industrialization created new job opportunities for black Africans, and after the war led to an influx of black Africans in urban centers seeking wage employment.
Apartheid. ... Starting in the 1960s, a plan of "Grand Apartheid- was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. ... Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. ... The government then declared a state of emergency and imposed press controls in July 1985. ... The end of apartheid. ...
If the structure of the nation-state system is altered, is the entire system doomed to fail? ... Secondly, a state must lose control over the development of personal or social identity among its citizens. ... These three points are often characterized as the structure of the nation-state system. ... That being said, it is important to understand that there is a difference between the structure of the nation-state system and the nation-state system itself. ... While Waltz might not appreciate such a refinement of his paradigm, there is no reason why a worthy non-state actor should not be co...
It is abhorrent that the rich and the educated are allowed to circulate around the world more or less freely, while the poor are not - causing, in effect, a form of global apartheid. ... And, in general, this flight tends much more to be en masse than individual or discrete groups of individuals and the regime of particularized persecution was not designed to address and cannot effectively address this kind of mass flight. ... The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has remained at the center of the global refugee regime with a clear mandate responsibility for refugees. There...
Despite this early arrest, Khomeini continued to vocally denounce the policies of regime, and after another arrest, was sent into exile. ... However, this revolution soon turned into another revolution, or a revolution within a revolution, as groups and political parties struggled to define the culture of Iran, which was then in a state of turmoil. ... The next day the Supreme Military Council withdrew its support from Bakhtiyar, and on February 12, 1979, following sporadic street gunfight, all organs of the regime (political, administrative, and military) finally collapsed. ...
Mao Zedong was able to able to more commoners to his cause, exploit their support, and take advantage of KMT corruption, taxation, and repression. ... The ruling regime loses the revolution more often than the insurgents "win- it. ... Economically, pre-1949 China was in many ways a rentier state. ... Because the state was weak, the government was unable to bring the benefits of modernization to the "backwards- areas of rural China, according to Esherick. ... One of many problems with the "traditional- explanation is that if people bought into the revolution because it was meant to be "l...
