First, it restructured and reorganized living areas so that each racial group lived separately from one and other. Second, it structured separate bureaucratic departments to deal with each racial group. Third, it reorganized the use of public places, methods of transportation, and schools, so that each would be completely segregated. .
Although racial segregation was made compulsory by Apartheid, the practice was by no means new to South Africa. Barbara Rogers argues that, "the idea of establishing "native reserves," is almost as old as the European occupation of South Africa." In 1838, the newly established People's Assembly of the Boer Republic of Natal instituted an act that restricted blacks from areas of white settlement. This act also prohibited black Africans from owning land, firearms and horses, and prevented their participation in the political realm. Rogers suggests that apartheid ideology implemented and sharpened the themes of this act when implementing its own strictly enforced segregation.
The arrival of the Apartheid system made segregation more total by restructuring group living areas so that the best urban and rural lands were available for Afrikaner use. In 1950, the National Party introduced the Group Areas Act, which allocated separate living areas for Coloureds , East Indians, and black Africans. Coloureds and East Indians were permitted to own land in urban areas but this land was separate from the white areas and was usually located in the slums or the worst areas of cities. Black Africans across South Africa were relocated onto native reserves, called Bantustans. Bantu was a racist term used to classify the Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana, Venda, and Sotho people under one racial group of black Africans. These Bantustans were created to displace black Africans off of their urban and rural lands. This allowed Afrikaners access to all of the best lands for farming, mining, and pastoral use, and made more room in urban centers for wage employed and professional Afrikaners.
Apartheid. ... Starting in the 1960s, a plan of "Grand Apartheid- was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. ... Wielding the Public Safety Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act, the white regime had no intention of changing the unjust laws of apartheid. ... The government then declared a state of emergency and imposed press controls in July 1985. ... The end of apartheid. ...
If the structure of the nation-state system is altered, is the entire system doomed to fail? ... Secondly, a state must lose control over the development of personal or social identity among its citizens. ... These three points are often characterized as the structure of the nation-state system. ... That being said, it is important to understand that there is a difference between the structure of the nation-state system and the nation-state system itself. ... While Waltz might not appreciate such a refinement of his paradigm, there is no reason why a worthy non-state actor should not be co...
It is abhorrent that the rich and the educated are allowed to circulate around the world more or less freely, while the poor are not - causing, in effect, a form of global apartheid. ... And, in general, this flight tends much more to be en masse than individual or discrete groups of individuals and the regime of particularized persecution was not designed to address and cannot effectively address this kind of mass flight. ... The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has remained at the center of the global refugee regime with a clear mandate responsibility for refugees. There...
Despite this early arrest, Khomeini continued to vocally denounce the policies of regime, and after another arrest, was sent into exile. ... However, this revolution soon turned into another revolution, or a revolution within a revolution, as groups and political parties struggled to define the culture of Iran, which was then in a state of turmoil. ... The next day the Supreme Military Council withdrew its support from Bakhtiyar, and on February 12, 1979, following sporadic street gunfight, all organs of the regime (political, administrative, and military) finally collapsed. ...
Mao Zedong was able to able to more commoners to his cause, exploit their support, and take advantage of KMT corruption, taxation, and repression. ... The ruling regime loses the revolution more often than the insurgents "win- it. ... Economically, pre-1949 China was in many ways a rentier state. ... Because the state was weak, the government was unable to bring the benefits of modernization to the "backwards- areas of rural China, according to Esherick. ... One of many problems with the "traditional- explanation is that if people bought into the revolution because it was meant to be "l...
