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Ear


The rim of the auricle is called the helix and the inferior portion is called the lobule. The external auditory canal is a carved tube and contains a few hair and ceruminous glands which are specialized sebaceous or oil glands. These secrete ear wax or cerumen. Both the hairs and the cerumen help prevent dust and foreign objects from entering the ear. A number of people produce large amounts of cerumen, and this sometimes cause the build up to be impacted and can bring about muffle incoming sounds.
             The Middle Ear - is an air-filled narrow cavity or cleft that extends vertically for about 15 mm and the distance horizontally is about the same. It is located in the temporal bone and is lined by epithelium. The middle ear is separated from the outer ear by the eardrum and from the inner ear by a thin bony partition that contains two small membrane-covered openings. These membranes are called the oval window and the round window. On the other side of the eardrum, embodies the mechanism for the conduction of sound waves to the internal ear. It comprises of three of the smallest bones in the body, the auditory ossicles which are connected by synovial joints. These bones are called the malleus or hammer, incus or anvil and stapes or stirrup. .
             The malleus is attached to the internal surface of the eardrum and the head of the malleus articulates with the body of the incus. This is the middle bone, which then articulates with the head of the stapes. The base (footplate) of the stapes then fits into the oval window. Just below the oval window is another opening called the round window. This is enclosed by a membrane called the secondary tympanic membrane.
             The anterior wall of the middle ear consists of an opening which leads directly into the auditory tube. This is called the Eustachian tube. .
             This tube is made up of both bone and hyaline cartilage and connects to the middle ear with the nasopharynx which is the upper part of the throat.


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