... hostile, confrontational aspect or more of a communized sense of how people work together with each other, as their own communities strive for this level of support (Lindsay, Perlesz, Brown, McNair, et al., 2006). This also supports the egalitarian-based approaches that typify many of the same-sex parent communities that have been created specifically to alleviate the potential side- effects of ... ostracism and stigma attached to being a same-sex parent in predominately heterosexual communities (Lindsay, Perlesz, Brown, McNair, et al., 2006). In this sense, the communization of same-sex...

• Word Count: 899
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Hutchinson Street Baptist Church. The boycott initiated the modern use of nonviolent protest and made King a National leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The Supreme Court decision in Gayle et al V. Bowder, on November 13, 1956, ruled that bus segregation in Montgomery was unconstitutional. The decision was presented to authorities on December 20, 1956. Segregation on buses ended ... the next day. (Bass, 610-612). In September 1957, in response to 1954's court decision in Brown V. Topeka's Board of Education, that all segregated schools are "inherently unequal," 9 African American stud...

• Word Count: 6511
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... school segregation. Thirteen African American families of Topeka rallied together and sought out the help of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP chose Oliver Brown's family for the upcoming case because he was a minister and a respectable, hard working man. Appointed this case were the NACCP attorney's Robert Carter and Jack Greenberg, with the guidance and ... of Education's defense was that, because segregation in Topeka and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of life, segregated schools simply prepared black children for the segregation...

• Word Count: 1528
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

Sixty years before Brown vs. Board of Education, racial segregation in the United States was rampant, backed by the Supreme Court decision Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). Racial segregation manifested itself in many different areas; ... ), filed a class action lawsuit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The NAACP had assigned the parents as the plaintiffs for this case, with Oliver L. Brown as the main parent that represented the case. Brown, alongside with the other parents, claimed that the concept of racial segregation in regard to educational facilities, should inherently be def...

• Word Count: 879
• Approx Pages: 4

... research specifically examining parents of children with ASD with respect to parenting self-efficacy. Some early research (e.g., Gowen et al. 1989, as cited in Hastings and Brown 2002; Haldy and Hanzlik 1990, as cited in Hastings and Brown 2002) suggested that parents of children with developmental delays showed increased parenting competence in comparison with parents of typically ... sexual expression, broad social difficulties, and high likelihood of remaining in the home (Bebko et al. 1987; Brown et al. 2011; Gray 1994; Hall and Graff 2011; Ingersoll and Hambrick 2011; Koegel et al. ...

• Word Count: 4636
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sources of information and capital. Others contend that women are more risk averse than men and thus less likely to take on debt (Brown & Segal, 1989; Chaganti, 1986; Collerett & Aubry, 1990; Olsen & Currie, 1992; Scherr et al., 1993). According to this hypothesis, women avoid debt and are reluctant to put up the collateral that may be required to obtain a ... debt in their capital structures. It has been suggested that women are less likely to use debt as a source of financing than men (Brown & Segal, 1989; Carter & Cannon, 1992; Chaganti, 1986; Collerett & Aubry, 1990; Olsen & Currie,...

• Word Count: 10494
• Approx Pages: 42
• Grade Level: High School

... emotional reactions to a drug. The abuse of methamphetamine has been associated with profound damage to these neurotransmitters, specifically the dopamine transport system (Brown et al., 2000; Nordahl et al., 2003; Salo et al., 2002; Volkow et al, 2001; & Zickler, 2002). The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine abuse on the dopamine transport system are highly correlated with the acute and ... lack of motivation, in addition to experiencing extreme cravings for the drug. Methamphetamine works directly with the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the brain (Kalechstein et al., 2003; Norda...

• Word Count: 2798
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... judicial supervision. This study found that there is a significantly lower re-arrest and reconviction rates for those adult offenders who have participated in a problem-solving program. Bratton-Bloom et al. found that, "drug court programs are more costly than conventional cases due to their intensive monitoring and treatment services, the new monetary benefits of reduced recidivism exceed these ... defined recidivism as "an offense commission subsequent to the index offense, which resulted in a conviction " (Brown 2011). Brown found that the drug court treatment group was less likely to...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... develop attitudes in favor of permissive sexual norms, as well as less progressive gender roles, which may lead to early experimentation with sexual activities. A study conducted by Brown et al. aids in strengthening this argument. They were interested in finding correlations between the early onset of sexually explicit material and gender role attitudes, sexual norms, sexual harassment, ... , less progressive gender roles, and more likely to sexually harass another individual. Additionally, they theorized that the teens with early exposure would partake in sexual acts prematurely (Brown ...

• Word Count: 3224
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for young stars, mostly men to have their views heard and to vent about life on the streets (hiphopanonymous.net). Rose (as cited by Krohn et al. 1995) says, "Rap music is the central cultural vehicle for open social reflection on poverty, fear of adulthood, the desire for absent fathers, ... rap's ghetto stories as real life reflections that should draw attention to racism and economic oppression rather than to questions of obscenity (Krohn et al 1995). The major debate that has been raised surrounding rap music in the past few years is what the effect of the lyrics may ... which many of...

• Word Count: 3654
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: High School

... by the transfer of cold fluids escaping via a hole or crack, initiation and ultimate propagation of the crack, and finally, crack arrest (Shi Cheng Liu et al., 2006, p.324). The work of Andrews et al., (2010) further indicated the need for discussing issues of fluid flow as well heat transfer at the rupture point, fracture initiation , its arrest as ... had a ready been started that employed vigorous mathematical simulation on the basis of method characteristics for accurately stimulating the resulting outflow after rupture of a pipeline (Mahgerefteh et al., 1997, 2000, Zucrow, 1976; Oke...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ), but blacks still suffered. "When [Congress] convened in December 1865, it refused to seat the delegates of the ex-Confederate states . . . [and] Republicans prepared to dismantle the black codes (Boyer, et al. 503)." The radical ideas of the Radical Republicans clashed with President Johnson's envisionment of Reconstruction; whereas Johnson carried out a lenient plan to admit the South into the Union, Radical Republicans ... before the Civil Rights Movement was that of the innocence and even necessity of segregation, embodied in Plessy vs. Ferguson. Eventually Plessy was overturned in ...

• Word Count: 3013
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... identified as high risk for developing pressure ulcers, include the elderly, those with acute illness, those in an orthopaedic setting and patients who are bed bound (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). Literature suggests that pressure ulcers are not only physically painful but they can lead to patients suffering emotional and psychological trauma. The impact of pressure ... ulcers physically and emotionally can consequently lower patients' quality of life (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). Therefore this essay will analyse and discuss relevant literature regarding the prevention o...

• Word Count: 1385
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... airways, people with asthma will have sensitive to the airways. This can result in experiencing of wheezing, struggling to breathe, tight feeling in the chest and coughing (Brown. D et al.2012). People with asthma attack have manifested when they inhale triggers that include infection, allergens, exercise, pollens and irritants (Garvan Institute 2013). These triggers have contributed to ... the primary pathophysiology processes in asthma. There are two pathophysiology processes that consist the early-phase response and the late-phase response (Brown. D et al.2012). In the early-phase pro...

• Word Count: 1843
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography

... (Alegria, Atkins, Farmer, Slaton, & Stelk, 2010). Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). With symptom expression, risk, and prevalence of mental disorders varying across factors such as culture, gender, and age (Alegría, Pescosolido, Williams, & Canino, 2011). Today our society ... unparalleled attention has been devoted to culture in the recent DSM-5, and an improved assessment of mental health status is expected, with an increased awareness of socio-...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... him to give up on his research. In 1927 Fred C. Koch, a professor at the University of Chicago, realized the potential behind Brown work. Koch realized he had tons of potential right in his own back yard; the Chicago stockyard. Koch recruited his students to ... help from his army of students, was able to extract a modest 20mg of substance from the bull testes. Instead of repeating the mistake of Brown and injecting the substance into a human subject, Koch decided to inject the substance into castrated chickens, pigs, and rats. Koch and his students ... noticed that the castrated subje...

• Word Count: 1933
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography

... least had no increase in average erosion rates in most areas with extensive cropland. Some of the improvement found was the result of crops being rotated and better tiling methods. Brown (et al 1998) investigated the effects of combining whey and straw in croplands. This research found that straw or whey alone reduces soil loss by 60-85 percent. When combined they reduce ... on infertile sandy soils. To be successful, an organic farmer requires a sound knowledge of soil type, crop management and the incidence of pests and diseases in different seasons (Arden-Clarke et al 1987). Organic ...

• Word Count: 2964
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). Brown and colleagues (2002) support these suggestions with their finding of finger length differences in butch and femme lesbians in which butch lesbians show ... smaller deviations between the two finger lengths of the right hand. Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... non-Kraepelinian model where disorders are seen as independent from one another. Categories of mental disorders are based on observable, phenotypic features rather than etiologies and neurobiological factors (Brown & Barlow, 2009; Watson, 2005). The DSMs categorical approach to disorders brings up questions about the validity of these categories. In the DSM 4, psychopathology is organized ... the conceptualization of mood and anxiety disorders. Watson's quantitative dimensional model should apply to anxiety and depression. While the DSM of mood and anxiety disorders hold great reliabili...

• Word Count: 2163
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... frontal lobes, age-related changes in brain activation during task performance have been observed in the cerebellum, superior colliculus, thalamus, striatum, parietal cortex, and hippocampus (Luna et al., 2001; Mueller et al., 1998). It has become quite clear over recent years that alcohol impacts both behavior and brain function differently in adolescents and adults (Smith, 2003). For instance, the ... estimates suggest that roughly 50% of high school seniors consume alcohol at least once per month, while 17% regularly smoke cigarettes and nearly 50% have smoked marijuana (Kann et al.,...

• Word Count: 2963
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... greater management and analysis. According to Hutton long-term policies are more likely to break down and fail, therefore governments prefer short-term. This theory is supported by Summer et al. (Summer et al., 2002) who believe that for long-term environmental solutions to be chosen, careful planning and effective management need to be implemented to ensure a positive outcome. The problem is ... commitment to the environment. For any advances to take place, everyone must be willing to make sacrifices for the common good, and the future survival of our environment (Brown & Singer, 1996)....

• Word Count: 2910
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... product category and make purchase decision (Percy & Rossiter, 1992). Brand awareness has a great influence on selections and can be a prior consideration base in a product category (Hoyer & Brown, 1990). Brand awareness also acts as a critical factor in the consumer purchase intention, and certain brands will accumulate in consumers' mind to influence consumer purchase decision. A product with a ... brand loyalty can be measured from customer repurchase intention and price tolerance. Consumers with a strong commitment to a particular brand will constantly search for any marketing activi...

• Word Count: 2522
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... have provided human kind with a variety of plants to eat. Different crops have grown in different geographical areas due to difference in climate, topography and precipitation patterns (Leff et al. 2004). After humans learned and developed domestication of alimentary crops, the variety of such crops has diversified and spread beyond their natural range. Since the domestication of important crops ... mill or polish rice, after being harvested, give the product its different nutritional properties (Munk 1972). Rice is a rich source of carbohydrates low in sodium, therefore provides energy...

• Word Count: 2707
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... growing body of research supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder (Beauregard and Bachevalier, 1996). Schizophrenics frequently exhibit neurological abnormalities throughout their lifespan (Olin et al., 1996). Development of a genetically distinct organism begins at conception; negative environmental influence is possible in gestation and throughout the lifespan. The initial environment any child experiences ... This example shows a micronutritional deficiency causing neurodevelopmental defect; a parallel mechanism may be at work in schizophrenia. As s...

• Word Count: 2018
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... hardships, unemployment (Mulvany, 2000) high social isolation (Gottesmann, 1999, as cited in Busfield, 2000) and lack of life skills (Miech et al., 1999). As a result of these adversities an individual experiences high levels of stress (Wheaton, 2001), low self-esteem (Brown et al., 1990, as cited in Markowitz, 2001), low self-worth and poor life satisfaction (Markowitz, 2001). All of these things contribute to ... of development is than lower for someone who lives in a positive environment, one that is away from the hardships of life that are experienced in a poor social environment (Mie...

• Word Count: 2544
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate