2) Educational testing and research development

Article 15 sec.8, no.6 of the Philippine Constitution States: ¡§The State shall provide citizenship and vocational training to adult citizens and out-of-school youth, and create and maintain scholarships for poor and deserving students.¡¨

The nature and composition of household expenditure on education for families sending their children to public and private institutions is shown in Table 9. Most families would not incur the high average expenditures on board and lodgings, since most pupils and students generally live at home through their period of schooling. Similarly, the very high average figure for private elementary schooling would be accounted for by just a small number of well-to-do families who choose not to send their children to public elementary schools. Table 9 does not include the income foregone by students, which we think is a very significant cost item for most students from secondary level onwards. Even with these stipulations, table 9 does show how even public education is beyond the reach of many very poor families.

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