In the two years from 1989 to 1991 Cuban import were cut by 50%. In relation to energy, this forced the country to create many readjustment measures. These measures were/are: a massive cut of industrial production, rationalization of

Another important potential energy source that comes from biomass is the production of biogas. The main sources of this are: Residues from sugar plants and from other sugar industries, residues from confined livestock, residues from coffee harvest, residues from other biomass processing industries, and urban wastes.

As of now, Cuba has a population of over 11,100,000 people, an infant mortality rate of 7.2 per 1,000 live births, and a maternal mortality rate of 21.6 per 100,000 live births. Only a fifth of the Cuban people live in the capital of Havana, and Cuba boasts a literacy rate of 97%. One of the biggest population issues in Cuba is illegal immigration into the United States via Florida. Many of the people who immigrate to America are either trying to get a better life and escape poverty, or to escape the socialist dictatorship that Cuba is currently run under. Some people argue that the reason Cuba is still a communist country is because many of the radicals who would overthrow Castro are here in America. In the years following the 1959 revolution, several hundred thousand Cubans fled the island. This figure includes the approximately 260,000 refugees who were officially airlifted from Cuba during the U.S.-Cuban Freedom Flights program of 1965-1971. In the mid 1980’s a massive exodus of about 125,000 Cubans created a crisis in U.S.- Cuban relations. After more than 10,000 Cubans stormed into an embassy in Havana in search of political asylum and safe path out of Cuba, Fidel Castro announced that all who wished to leave Cuba were free to assemble at the port of Mariel. Between the year 1959 and the conclusion of the 1980 Mariel boatlift, an estimated one million Cubans had left the island in search of a better place to live.

The Cuban government also maintains a firm stance against independent journalism, and regularly detains reporters and sometimes prosecuting them. Foreign journalists also face government harassment if they attempt to work with or assist their Cuban colleagues. Although the government is getting better and is granting greater opportunities for religious expression than in past years, it continues to maintain tight control over religious institutions, affiliated groups, and individual believers.

The reliance that Cuba has on sugar exports plays a pivotal role in its economic and energy problems. Many people in the Cuban solar energy community look towards the self-sufficient biomass conversion of sugar as a potential centerpiece of Cuba’s recovery. Energy derived from biomass constitutes the largest potential renewable resource in Cuba, with sugar cane being the most important source. This energy consumption of bagasses (the part of sugar cane or sugar beets left after the juice has been taken out: used for fuel and in the manufacture of insulation) traditionally takes place at a very low efficiency and in terms of electrical generation its transformation into energy represents just 19-20 kilowatt hours per ton of ground sugar cane. It is an obvious priority to improve this efficiency if this method is to be widely used. The conversion rates in the newer Cuban mills are about 40 kWh per ton of cane, whereas the typical conversion rate in industrialized countries is 60 to 80 kWh. In Hawaii, with the use of better electricity cogeneration technology, net exports of electricity already reach 100 kWh/ton. Even more impressive, advanced biomass-fueled cogeneration systems undergoing commercial trials worldwide might produce as much as 500 or 600 kWh per ton of cane.

One of the biggest attributes to Cuba regarding renewable energy is solar radiation. Cuba receives over five kWh/square meter/day throughout the year, which is comparable to southern Arizona. Realizing this, Cuba has embarked on an ambitious rural photovoltaic program to bring much needed electricity to the unserved parts of the population. A typical solar system on a rural house uses two forty-watt PV pa

Some topics in this essay:
Cuba CIES, Cuban Government, Soviet Union, Nipe Cienfuegos, La Habana, Energy Plan, Realizing Cuba, Central Cuba, United Cuba, Havana Cuba, cuban government, renewable energy, energy production, sugar cane, solar energy, human rights, environmental protection, source energy, environmental organizations, environment cuban government, human rights practices, scientists naturalists recreationalists, migration crisis, disintegration soviet union, kwh ton cane,