The first governmental structure according to the history took place in Ancient Greece. Athens was the most important city-state of Greece, which became a first democratic state. The aristocratic oligarchy came to an end when Cleisthenes, an aristocratic reformer opposed the idea of reestablishing the oligarchy. He established the basis to the Athenian democracy in 508B.C. He divided all the citizens in ten tribes, who chose fifty members each year and made a council of five

In the 2nd century B.C, the senate became the effective governing body in Rome. All the Members were the wealthy aristocrats and powerful people. Roman Republic started to fall with lots of civil wars for power and came to an end with Julius Caesar’s assassination. Roman Republic dramatically changed to Roman Empire in 31B.C, when Octavian defeated Anthony in the battle of Actium in 31B.C.Augustus was off course the first emperor of the Roman Empire, who established the idea of constitutional monarch as co ruler with the senate. He gave himself the title of princeps means the chief citizen. Augustus stabilized the military by maintaining the army of 28 legions. He started the new system of legates to govern the provinces, who were allotted to the princeps. Roman Empire was on its heights in the age of Augustus, but it came near to collapse by the 3rd century A.D. The series of civil wars and plague were the two main reasons of declining the Roman Empire.

While Athenians were practicing the first democratic system, another city, Rome, which was founded by Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C., was growing quickly. Early Rome was under the kingdom of Etruscans, who were the wealthy aristocrats. Greeks also visited Rome during the age of colonization. This may be the fact why many historians view Roman culture as a continuation of Greek culture (Spielvogel, p.84-85). Romans were practicing monarchy since it existed. The Etruscan monarchs changed Rome from a pastoral community to an actual city. This monarchy started to get threatened by Gauls in the 4th century B.C. and then conquered by the Romans. After overthrowing the Etruscan monarchs, Romans developed the Republican government by expanding their military. This enormous change in the political structure was not easy, it took the conquest of whole Italy. Romans developed the political institutions in order to response to the problems as they arose.

Accordi

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