Human Freedom As The Basis Of Morality
According to Kant, feeling of obligation is a moral feeling, a respect for the moral law. It has no external source and it is not imposed. The notion of obligation comes from us as rational, free beings. Human reason and freedom can only be source of moral law that is universal and binds everybody. Feeling of obligation cannot come from our knowledge-oriented experience because principles that directs the will in our relationships with objects are subjective ones and therefore a universal moral law cannot come form them. Second, it cannot come from basic principles such as cogito because these ideas stay above human reason and cannot be known and represented. Thirdly, because moral law can only come form us as rational, free human beings, we decide what we ought to do and we are not imposed what we must do. Feeling of obligation cannot be derived from our experiences with objects because in our relationships with objects we use our subjective maxims and it cannot be raised to a moral universal law. Moral law determines our will and reason is the ground for determining our will. Moral law is finding out what among our wills can serve as a universal principle for our moral action. Will is always conditioned by objects and nature a
Feeling of obligation cannot be deduced from a basic principle such as Plato’s idea of Good or Descartes’ cogito because such ideas are not knowable and representable and they are above human reason and autonomy. According to Kant anything independent from experience, unconditional cannot be known and represented. Knowledge always starts with an object, then our human mind provides conditions, which are time and space, to make this object perceivable. Knowledge occurs when we connect this perception to a concept by our judgments. Therefore, we cannot take an idea that is unconditional, beyond experience and try to represent it out of space and time. Such principles like the idea of Good and cogito refer to something unconditional, independent from experience, out of space and time. Therefore, they cannot be represented. Innate knowledge about Good and cogito, independent from space and time is impossible. These ideas can be thinkable but cannot be known, represented. Because such ideas cannot be known, morality can no longer be depended on such principles. Also, since they are innate, they do not come from human reason and are above human freedom, if morality is based on them then our feeling of obligation will become a must rather than a sentiment. According to Kant we as rational, free beings decide what we ought to do without imposition of society or other external sources telling us what we must do. There is only one idea in human mind among all ideas of reason which has a positive content in it and therefore, we can have knowledge about independent from experience. It is freedom. Freedom is unconditional but we know the effects of freedom, which are so called spontaneous actions. These actions have no preceding cause than our will. Freedom is the basis of reason. Reason itself is a desire to go beyond experience and conditional. It
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Approximate Word count = 1252
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page double spaced)
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