Explain the significance of the death of Muhammad.

Explain the fundamental beliefs of Quranic teachings.

Trace the historical development of the major features of Islamic pilgrimages.

As with most religions of the world, over years of economical and political progress and change, some ways of religious life must also change. Islam, over the past fourteen hundred years, has grown to be one of the largest religious orders, spreading to every corner of the world. The pressures and challenges generated by global politics and nation-building have not made it easy for any religion to create modes of life that would reflect past values and provide a sense of continuity with their religious heritage. Most Muslims continue to perceive Islam as more than a mere source of religious values. In their view, it still provides the basis for inspiring a whole way of life.

The great religious beliefs held by most Muslims, with the growing military and economic power of the countrie

After this event, the pilgrims prepare for the festival of ‘Id al Adha, the Festival of Sacrifice. In commemoration of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son, the pilgrims ritually slaughter a sheep, goat, or camel and give away a portion of the meat to the poor. Muslims all over the world celebrate the same event by performing and identical sacrifice, thus uniting in spirit to honor the end of the Pilgrimage. The pilgrims now gradually begin to resume their normal lives, but must await the final act of circling the Ka’ba seven times before they can no longer be considered in a state of ihrim. After the circling, the pilgrims worship at a location called “the Place of Abraham” that is also within the courtyard of the mosque. The Pilgrimage is now completed and each pilgrim can be honored by the title of hajji for men and hajjiyah for women, a designation that brings much respect in the various communities to which the pilgrims now return.

The greatest impact of the Quran from the earliest period of Islam has been the worldview it teaches and the guidelines for daily life it provides. These have served as the basis for Islamic beliefs and practices to the present. The following are the basic concepts that are regarded as fundamental for all Muslims.

Before daybreak the next day, the pilgrims leave to return to Mina. There they participate in a ceremony of stoning three pillars. The pillars symbolize evil, and the stoning, an act of repudiation. Tradition also recounts that the stoning has it roots in Abraham’s rejection of Satan, who tried to persuade him to disobey God’s command to sacrifice his son.

Muhammad gave an impetus to the lives of his followers that was to lead them to spread Islam far beyond the borders of Arabia. His mission encompassed several goals, but primary among these were the goals of creating a society cemented by loyalty to Islam rather that to tribe; linking his people to the worship of One God who had chosen to speak to them through one of their own in their own language; and providing a framework of values, action, and institutions that would continue to bind them together. For Muslims, in the writings of the hadith, they are a model and represent an ideal pattern, referred to as the Sunnah, meaning custom or practice of the Prophet. The Sunnah provides Muslims with a pattern they can emulate. In so doing they look to Muhammad as an exemplary human being, who had realized in his own life the ideals of Islam revealed by God. Muhammad’s practice of prayer and devotion to God; his role as husband and parent; his example of humility, compassion, and justice, and his acts of kindness to children, orphans, the disadvantaged, and animals all serve as a model of proper conduct. It is in this role of Muhammad envisioned as teacher, exemplar, and ideal that has the greatest impact on the ordinary lives of Muslims.

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