... accurately tell astronomers about what they cannot observe, both inside the Sun and its behavior at other epochs. This model is known as the standard solar model, and it has been in a state of constant evolution since its inception. The standard solar model has four basic assumptions; 1. The first being that the sun evolves in hydrostatic equilibrium. 2. The second assumption of the standard ... solar model is that energy can be transferred in the star via radiation, conduction, convection, and neutrino losses. 3. The third assumption of the model is that thermonuclear ... force acts i...

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• Grade Level: High School

... other beings. After that we will have some kind of idea of the possibilities of extraterrestrial life elsewhere. Long ago, before our planet earth existed, our solar system was a spherical cloud of gas and dust, and as wide as a light year (9.5 trillion kilometers across). The cloud was dense and started to ... denser to its perpendicular axis. That would explain why the spherical cloud turned into a pancake shape, and why the sun is in the middle of the solar system. (McDonough1) As the sun grew bigger and more dense, it had a gravity effect that started to make separate clouds. These ...

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... the absorption rate can be done by using helium balloons, from high altitude planes and also satellites. When scientists are analysing the ozone, they need to consider which species absorb solar radiation, the wavelength of the radiation absorbed and the strengh of the absorption. They also need to find out what happens when radiation has been absorbed. The absorbed energy may ... using spectroscopic instruments at different times after the flash. An expression is then used to find the rate of reaction: Rate of reaction=k(O2)(O) K=rate constant (O2)(O)=concentrations of oxygen atoms and...

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... ). Still, that does not explain why the carbon dioxide levels fell. Some believe that the drop is associated with "weathering - a process [where] carbon dioxide washed out of the atmosphere by constant rain [is] fixed in carbonate rocks" (Hughes 1993, pg. 15). Others blame the introduction and/or burying of algae and plankton. They believe that algae replaced carbon dioxide with oxygen ... that variations in the eccentricity of the orbit around the sun, tilt of the earth's axis, and direction that the north pole points, change the amount and distribution of incoming solar radiation (Anon...

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... ). Still, that does not explain why the carbon dioxide levels fell. Some believe that the drop is associated with "weathering - a process [where] carbon dioxide washed out of the atmosphere by constant rain [is] fixed in carbonate rocks" (Hughes 1993, pg. 15). Others blame the introduction and/or burying of algae and plankton. They believe that algae replaced carbon dioxide with oxygen ... that variations in the eccentricity of the orbit around the sun, tilt of the earth's axis, and direction that the north pole points, change the amount and distribution of incoming solar radiation (Anon...

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... the ground at a global average of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Without that, the average would be below the freezing point of water. The gases have this effect because as incoming solar radiation hits the surface, the surface gives off infrared radiation. The effect is like when a greenhouse traps heat, which is where we got the name greenhouse effect. Scientists are scared ... a global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. If the many other determinates of the earth's present global climate remains more or less constant, the CO2 inc...

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... the ground at a global average of about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Without that, the average would be below the freezing point of water. The gases have this effect because as incoming solar radiation hits the surface, the surface gives off infrared radiation. The effect is like when a greenhouse traps heat, which is where we got the name greenhouse effect. Scientists are scared ... a global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. If the many other determinates of the earth's present global climate remains more or less constant, the CO2 inc...

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• Grade Level: High School

... it is today. When Earth was formed it was a ball of molten rock with a thin atmosphere consisting of hydrogen and helium. These gases quickly escaped from the atmosphere because of solar wind, extreme heat and the ultra-light weight of these elements. When the gases escaped, Earth was left without an atmosphere. However, Earth was slowly evolving. The Earth had ... constant geological activity that created extreme volcanism. The volcanoes spewed out gases that went into the atmosphere. The two most important gases were H2O and CO2. The H2O collected in the ... ...

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Mars is the Fourth planet from the Sun and also the third largest terrestrial planet in our Solar System with a diameter of 6,792km which is roughly half of Earth's. Mars also gets its reddish appearance from Iron Oxide (or rust) in its soil. It has an almost constant view of at least one of its two moons Phobos and Deimos. Phobos is quite ... ...

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• Grade Level: High School