... research specifically examining parents of children with ASD with respect to parenting self-efficacy. Some early research (e.g., Gowen et al. 1989, as cited in Hastings and Brown 2002; Haldy and Hanzlik 1990, as cited in Hastings and Brown 2002) suggested that parents of children with developmental delays showed increased parenting competence in comparison with parents of typically ... sexual expression, broad social difficulties, and high likelihood of remaining in the home (Bebko et al. 1987; Brown et al. 2011; Gray 1994; Hall and Graff 2011; Ingersoll and Hambrick 2011; Koegel et al. ...

• Word Count: 4636
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... emotional reactions to a drug. The abuse of methamphetamine has been associated with profound damage to these neurotransmitters, specifically the dopamine transport system (Brown et al., 2000; Nordahl et al., 2003; Salo et al., 2002; Volkow et al, 2001; & Zickler, 2002). The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine abuse on the dopamine transport system are highly correlated with the acute and ... lack of motivation, in addition to experiencing extreme cravings for the drug. Methamphetamine works directly with the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the brain (Kalechstein et al., 2003; Norda...

• Word Count: 2798
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... judicial supervision. This study found that there is a significantly lower re-arrest and reconviction rates for those adult offenders who have participated in a problem-solving program. Bratton-Bloom et al. found that, "drug court programs are more costly than conventional cases due to their intensive monitoring and treatment services, the new monetary benefits of reduced recidivism exceed these ... defined recidivism as "an offense commission subsequent to the index offense, which resulted in a conviction " (Brown 2011). Brown found that the drug court treatment group was less likely to...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... develop attitudes in favor of permissive sexual norms, as well as less progressive gender roles, which may lead to early experimentation with sexual activities. A study conducted by Brown et al. aids in strengthening this argument. They were interested in finding correlations between the early onset of sexually explicit material and gender role attitudes, sexual norms, sexual harassment, ... , less progressive gender roles, and more likely to sexually harass another individual. Additionally, they theorized that the teens with early exposure would partake in sexual acts prematurely (Brown ...

• Word Count: 3224
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the transfer of cold fluids escaping via a hole or crack, initiation and ultimate propagation of the crack, and finally, crack arrest (Shi Cheng Liu et al., 2006, p.324). The work of Andrews et al., (2010) further indicated the need for discussing issues of fluid flow as well heat transfer at the rupture point, fracture initiation , its arrest as ... had a ready been started that employed vigorous mathematical simulation on the basis of method characteristics for accurately stimulating the resulting outflow after rupture of a pipeline (Mahgerefteh et al., 1997, 2000, Zucrow, 1976; Oke...

• Word Count: 1647
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... identified as high risk for developing pressure ulcers, include the elderly, those with acute illness, those in an orthopaedic setting and patients who are bed bound (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). Literature suggests that pressure ulcers are not only physically painful but they can lead to patients suffering emotional and psychological trauma. The impact of pressure ... ulcers physically and emotionally can consequently lower patients' quality of life (Shannon, Brown & Chakravarty, 2012). Therefore this essay will analyse and discuss relevant literature regarding the prevention o...

• Word Count: 1385
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... (Alegria, Atkins, Farmer, Slaton, & Stelk, 2010). Current research is closely linking the social environment with expression of disease, risk of developments of mental disorder, and resiliency factors (Alegria et al., 2010). With symptom expression, risk, and prevalence of mental disorders varying across factors such as culture, gender, and age (Alegría, Pescosolido, Williams, & Canino, 2011). Today our society ... unparalleled attention has been devoted to culture in the recent DSM-5, and an improved assessment of mental health status is expected, with an increased awareness of socio-...

• Word Count: 2238
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Extended research that supports these hypotheses also suggests that butch lesbians may be physiologically similar to heterosexual men due to prenatal androgen exposure (Bassett et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2002; Pearce et al. 1996; Singh et al. 1999). Brown and colleagues (2002) support these suggestions with their finding of finger length differences in butch and femme lesbians in which butch lesbians show ... smaller deviations between the two finger lengths of the right hand. Past research has shown that finger length is associated to prenatal androgen exposure that results in men having...

• Word Count: 1702
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... non-Kraepelinian model where disorders are seen as independent from one another. Categories of mental disorders are based on observable, phenotypic features rather than etiologies and neurobiological factors (Brown & Barlow, 2009; Watson, 2005). The DSMs categorical approach to disorders brings up questions about the validity of these categories. In the DSM 4, psychopathology is organized ... the conceptualization of mood and anxiety disorders. Watson's quantitative dimensional model should apply to anxiety and depression. While the DSM of mood and anxiety disorders hold great reliabili...

• Word Count: 2163
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... frontal lobes, age-related changes in brain activation during task performance have been observed in the cerebellum, superior colliculus, thalamus, striatum, parietal cortex, and hippocampus (Luna et al., 2001; Mueller et al., 1998). It has become quite clear over recent years that alcohol impacts both behavior and brain function differently in adolescents and adults (Smith, 2003). For instance, the ... estimates suggest that roughly 50% of high school seniors consume alcohol at least once per month, while 17% regularly smoke cigarettes and nearly 50% have smoked marijuana (Kann et al.,...

• Word Count: 2963
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... product category and make purchase decision (Percy & Rossiter, 1992). Brand awareness has a great influence on selections and can be a prior consideration base in a product category (Hoyer & Brown, 1990). Brand awareness also acts as a critical factor in the consumer purchase intention, and certain brands will accumulate in consumers' mind to influence consumer purchase decision. A product with a ... brand loyalty can be measured from customer repurchase intention and price tolerance. Consumers with a strong commitment to a particular brand will constantly search for any marketing activi...

• Word Count: 2522
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... growing body of research supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder (Beauregard and Bachevalier, 1996). Schizophrenics frequently exhibit neurological abnormalities throughout their lifespan (Olin et al., 1996). Development of a genetically distinct organism begins at conception; negative environmental influence is possible in gestation and throughout the lifespan. The initial environment any child experiences ... This example shows a micronutritional deficiency causing neurodevelopmental defect; a parallel mechanism may be at work in schizophrenia. As s...

• Word Count: 2018
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... hardships, unemployment (Mulvany, 2000) high social isolation (Gottesmann, 1999, as cited in Busfield, 2000) and lack of life skills (Miech et al., 1999). As a result of these adversities an individual experiences high levels of stress (Wheaton, 2001), low self-esteem (Brown et al., 1990, as cited in Markowitz, 2001), low self-worth and poor life satisfaction (Markowitz, 2001). All of these things contribute to ... of development is than lower for someone who lives in a positive environment, one that is away from the hardships of life that are experienced in a poor social environment (Mie...

• Word Count: 2544
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to a desirable one. For every tipping point, there is a phenomena that is forced to cross it, they are known as tipping elements (Lenton et al., 2009), they are components of any system that can be switched into a desirable or undesirable state as a result of a particular condition or conditions by ... and survive. The loss of most of these algae has occurred with high frequency on coral reefs over the last 20 years (Coles and Brown 2003) as a result of coral bleaching that happens primarily from high seawater temperatures under high light conditions. If the situations causing this bleac...

• Word Count: 2460
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... been recognized in aiding in weight loss and has recently become the fourth most used supplement in the United States (Dullo et al, 2000). It is theorized to increase energy expenditure by stimulating the break down of brown adipose tissue during thermogenesis (Nakagawa et al, 1999). When coupled with the stimulant caffeine (50mg of caffeine and 90mg of green tea) taken at 3 different ... time slots through out the day, it has significantly increased energy expenditure and fat metabolism for energy (Dullo et al, 2000). Apart from weight loss, green tea is ... substrate. When low intensi...

• Word Count: 976
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... related to degree of prisonization (Zingraff, 1975). External factors to the correctional facility have a direct effect on the prisonization of inmates (Thomas & Zingraff, 1976). Thomas et al. (1978, p. 389) emphasized the point that prisonization appeared most likely among those whose anticipation regarding their future life chances were negative. Second, the impact of alienation appeared ... and degree of prisonization, another area of interest within an organizational communication framework. This hypothesis replicated earlier research on powerlessness and prisonization (Thomas & Zin...

• Word Count: 5169
• Approx Pages: 21
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... distortion of our memory for when things happened. The less that people can remember about an event, then often the older the memory is thought to be. Brown et al. (1985) investigated this by asking a set of people to date 50 news events (relating to the period 1977-82) that they would likely either know ... to associate the event with some landmark date to help us, for instance the event happening on the same day as the day you got married. Rubin et al. (1986), in an analysis of a number of studies found that when elderly people look back over their lives, there is a reminiscence bump. T...

• Word Count: 2024
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... improved by their moral principles. "What morale principles can guide reasoning about policy implementation? Ethical theories, grounded in moral principles provided direction for school leaders" (Rallis et al., 2008, p. 18). Morale principles are often grounded in ethical practices which provide direction for school leaders. The theories of ethical practices are divided into two categories: consequential ... of the superior races should be preserved by vigorously segregating the feeble-minded" (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Choong-Geun, 2008, p. 265). The Brown v. Boar...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... improved by their moral principles. "What morale principles can guide reasoning about policy implementation? Ethical theories, grounded in moral principles provided direction for school leaders" (Rallis et al., 2008, p. 18). Morale principles are often grounded in ethical practices which provide direction for school leaders. The theories of ethical practices are divided into two categories: consequential ... of the superior races should be preserved by vigorously segregating the feeble-minded" (Skiba, Simmons, Ritter, Gibb, Rausch, Cuadrado, & Choong-Geun, 2008, p. 265). The Brown v. Boar...

• Word Count: 2753
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with "normal" people, those with schizophrenia have smaller brains and larger cerebral ventricles. The differences are small, but have been found in many studies (Brown et al 1986). Post-mortem studies (Woodruff et al 1997) have also revealed evidence of subtle disturbances in the structure and organisation of brain cells, particularly in the regions of the temporal and frontal lobes ... idea of abnormal brain development, there is evidence that people with schizophrenia show abnormalities in behaviour and social interaction many years before the onset of obvious symptoms. Jones et al (...

• Word Count: 1037
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... family members experienced when caring for impaired older adults, the majority of which are cared for by their family members at home (Kaufer et., al 2005) Alzheimer's disease is increasingly described today as an epidemic in both professional literature and via media communication. It is a progressive condition ... and straining, which can lead to muscular injuries, such as strains, sprains or even skeleton problems resulting in back neck or knee pain. Brown (2008) even more pointed in her article on the concept of the burden of alzheimer's stated that "one of the greatest costs ... gi...

• Word Count: 1955
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... tissue. This method of thermogenesis uses the protein UCP1 to move electrons down the mitochondrial gradient and give off heat in the form of energy created from ATP (Cheng et al, 2013). UCP1 is the uncoupling protein often found in brown adipose tissue used in non-shivering thermogenesis. UPC1 proteins allow hydrogens to passively diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix thus generating heat (Astrid ... et al, 2014). The authors of the study are interested in determining whether the amount of UCP1 in white adipose tissue is enough to initiate the process of thermogenesis as sufficiently .....

• Word Count: 826
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... cancer. The 5-year survival rate is only between 5 and 10%. A substantial proportion of cancers in the mouth, throat, esophagus, urinary bladder and pancreas are also caused by tobacco smoking (Allard et al.) The most disabling chronic lung disease related to smoking is chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD, 'smoker's lung') comprising emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The terminal stage of COLD is increasing respiratory ... dental restorations and dentures (Watts & Addy, 2001).The effect of smoking is more severe than that of the consumption of coffee and tea. The discoloration ranges ...

• Word Count: 2015
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... may choose to engage in risky behaviors. Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse and suicide (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996) all of which can hide depressive symptoms. The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from ... sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensit...

• Word Count: 2516
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety, eating disorders, hyperactivity, substance abuse, and suicide, all of which can hide depressive symptoms (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996). The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense ... feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of "normal" mood changes (Brown 1996). Key...

• Word Count: 1418
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate