... body and understanding how they behave should help researchers figure out how to treat most illnesses. However, cells not only consist of genes and proteins, but also of carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats). Carbohydrates, which were once regarded as energy-yielding molecules, are now known to combine with the cell surfaces and influence cell-to-cell communication, the immune system, the ... by excess inflammation. After wounding or infection, endothelial cells that line blood vessels begin to display large numbers of carbohydrate-binding proteins called selectins. Selectins bind loos...

• Word Count: 657
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Michigan Organic News, where Dr. William Coda Martin categorized "refined sugar as a poison because it is stripped of life forces, vitamins and minerals" leaving behind pure, refined carbohydrates that cannot be utilized by the body unless the proteins, vitamins and minerals removed during refining are available (Dufty 154). During the refining process, 64 food elements including calcium, iron ... A, D, and B are destroyed, while vital enzymes, amino acids, unsaturated fats, and all fiber are stripped away (Macrobiotics). Without these naturally occurring, nature intended elements t...

• Word Count: 2214
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of glycogen. Glycogen is formed in cases where the body has excesses of the sugars glucose, fructose, and galactose. The liver only synthesizes glycogen in moments where there are extra carbohydrates within the bloodstream. Insulin activates an enzyme within the liver cells that chemically modifies glucose so that it is stored in liver cells. Insulin also activates enzymes that synthesize sugars ... . This reduces the blood sugar level and the changes recorded by the hypothalamus that stops stimulating insulin production. After a meal, there is a significant increase in blood sugar owing...

• Word Count: 2456
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in ... ...

• Word Count: 2091
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate