... a dilemma created by the biases in male driven science. Instead of looking towards history from a perspective which would allow both women and men to have active roles, science has focused almost entirely on the "Male concern with male dominance in studies of humans and animals" (Zihlman, p. 76). One of the biggest problems facing feminists through history has been the entrenchment of both religion ... codified in the teachings of the Catholic Church. Not only did Aristotle posit that women were "misbegotten men," but he also stated that they had lighter and inferior brains (Tuana, 1993)....

• Word Count: 603
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... year. Although 85 percent of that total is comprised of rats and mice (Cowley 51), the number still staggers. Testing is conducted by a multitude of independent and government-funded groups, including the United States Departments of Agriculture, Energy, Defense and Transportation (Cowley 51), and the number grows almost daily with progress " and retrogression " in the medical field. Though lauded worldwide in ... 18 millon lab, costing the school an estimated $2 million (Cowley 51). "Every drug anybody takes was tried first in animals,"" said Frankie Trull, executive directory of the Fo...

• Word Count: 1153
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... experimentation. There are some advantages to animal experimentation. Conditions for the animals are getting much more humane (Newscientist.com). For example, A science major, Emma Hockly, and her team of students from Oxford University studied enrichment on mice with Huntington's disease under three conditions: large cage with nine other mice equipped with toys, a cage with a cardboard tube, and standard cage. Results from motor coordination tests proved that ... mice with the enriched cages did much better than those with ... ...

• Word Count: 1215
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Philosopher Steve Sapontzis" objection to the analogy of speciesism with racism and sexism is much like an appeal to the pride of women and minorities. Sapontzis argues that in examining racism and sexism as bigotry, their objection "is not because there are some women and blacks who are as intelligent as defective men and whites but are not being given rights...equal to those of the ... defective men and whites" . One can easily see where the appeal to emotion is ... of a human with a non-human animal. Appearances aside, perhaps the only remaining difference is one of interests, and ...

• Word Count: 2741
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... man's sperm acts as the operative and formative agent while the woman's sperm or generative fluid, along with her menstrual blood, serves as the material basis."# This description conforms to the traditional gender roles held still to this day, with the male being the decisive, "operative and formative agent", and the female provides support and sustenance. Albert notes Galen's observations that the male sperm ... acts as a necessity, a power, and an agent, while the colder female seminal fluid serves as nourishment of the male sperm.# This sexism is also seen in ... , less muscular bodi...

• Word Count: 517
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... wellness of mankind. The knowledge obtained from animal research can be applied to the phylum of animals not limited to saving lives of mankind. Researches on blood clotting factors and brain signaling systems on mice and primates are certainly beneficial to improve the human health conditions, but developed drugs in these animals can be adapted to saving the lives of themselves ... and other companion animals such as dogs and cats. There are still a number of people and supporting groups of animal rights, which believe the use of alternative methods is much more adequate for research t...

• Word Count: 822
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... foundation is so deeply instilled that, as adults, most of us act, think, and even feel according to our culture's guidelines of what is appropriate for our sex. Evidence of this can be seen in interaction between human beings, and is expressed through such agents as the mass media and literature. The family is the initial agent that begins the socialization process. Parents relay ... messages of gender norms and roles to their children, sometimes without even realizing it, because ... strong agent of gender socialization. The sorting process that begins with the family is reinforced w...

• Word Count: 285
• Approx Pages: 1
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Paul Hawken and Lester Brown are only two men out of a small percentage of the planets population trying to save the world from its economical, suicidal path, of self destruction. The other percentage ... are running out. We as human beings must improve the standards of living and production by putting the environment first, before there is no planet for our children to live in. Lester Brown points out that the human population is out of control and that something must be done soon. As the planets population continues to increase ... lifestyles I agree with Paul Hawken when he says," Most A...

• Word Count: 268
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through experimentation, the theologian often deals in the unknowable, examining articles of faith that are central to centuries of spiritual reflection and tradition. Reconciling theological dogma and scientific "fact" appears to be one of the principle barriers between the two "worlds- and one of the main issues is closing this gap. We do know that science does raise questions that it cannot itself ... do we approach the people who believe that the Bible is inerrant? I think we can surely state that some passages of the Bible are to be understood in a metaphorical way and it's not pre...

• Word Count: 465
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... from different cultural are enticed and short-changed to join different terror groups. The utilitarianism theory also argues that people can be changed into animals by promising them some allowances that make them happy in order to disturb the happiness of the society (Rachels and Stuart, 2012). John mills strongly advocates for the need to defend human dignity and rights by not causing ... pain and suffering through terrorism, hence promoting the common good of the society as advocated in his philosophical theory. The society as a ... whole just as John Mills have a similar view concer...

• Word Count: 689
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aware of the all the ecological concerns but are adamant in fighting to confront the impeding environmental crisis. Both Buddhism and Judaism attack the laxity with which most people approach the environmental crisis and show deep respect for nature and the environment. Buddhism teaches that each person contains many different "seeds" that represent every possible human emotions or potentiality ... study of Judaism reveals a "millennial effort to foster a religious culture of self-restraint that intuitively respects the value and integrity of its natural environment. " Schorsch notes th...

• Word Count: 1393
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... what effect will take place with a cause. For each situation, looking at the forces of nature, their direction and their strength, it should then be possible to predict any action for matter. If everyone agrees that there is regular conjunction and a custom to infer in the case of voluntary actions of men, then necessity hold for voluntary human actions and men have merely argued upon not understanding. Hume ... goes on to say that it has been noted that there is a "great uniformity" in the actions of men. Hume argues that the "human nature remain still the same, in its principles and o...

• Word Count: 353
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... within as we grew up. One cannot unlearn what they have learned till they become aware and conscious of what is going on. Yet there are those who love their heritage, but until they realize they are oppressing themselves, feel ashamed for loving themselves. For example, in "Notes Fragmented Daughter" by Elena Tajima, Elena spent her life being mistaken as Chinese or Korean or ... some type of Asian, and never wanted to say who she really was, until she was overcome by this newly found pride in ... her heritage and truly began to love herself. Nowadays people are finally starting to bec...

• Word Count: 1183
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... believe they were good people, but they went so far off the deep end with their religion that they sacrificed their plain old human kindness and forgiveness. They just didn't understand that there were other things in life than their religion. Hawthorne's presentation of the Puritans throughout the novel The ... who sought out their religious Utopia in America. However, Hawthorne's presentation of their idealistic settlement is a harsh contrast to this. The prison and the cemetery are in prominent positions within the settlement as the reader is first introduced with the Puritan communit...

• Word Count: 513
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , only one listed phthalates as in the chemical ingredients. Environmental groups rally for the removal of this chemical that they see as a threat to human health. They declared, "Chemicals that can damage the development and future fertility of babies don't belong in products marketed to women. However, ... could hurt people. "Phthalates are among the most widely studied materials in the world and have been researched and tested for more than 50 years, a council statement on phthalates said. A CDC research study was conducted and reported that indeed traces of the chemical has been found...

• Word Count: 290
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... time. First, generally low population densities in Europe could lead to a situation where mobile foraging strategies dominate. In such an environment populations of Neandertals and modern humans could avoid competition for scarce resources. A second model purports that Neandertals and modern humans were able to coexist by filling separate ecological niches. This could occur if each population primarily hunted particular game, or separate foraging ... -proposed models are difficult to support with the given bodies of evidence. However, Mellars notes that in The faunal assemblages recovere...

• Word Count: 1502
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... examples of leaders from other civilizations like Alexander The Great, Scipio, Cyrus, Cesare Borgia, as well as others. Machieavelli describes how a prince should act and proceed to keep his people happy as well as maintain politcal control of the situation. In some ways, The Prince is a manual about how a ... prince should live, what the priorities are for a prince and described the beginnings of the humanistic thinking. Humanists of Machiavelli's time believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the ... state, stating that "An individual only grows to maturity -b...

• Word Count: 803
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... community, which in effect appears to live in the 'online' space of the Internet unlike that of the physical space presented by reality (Allan 2000. Sv "Cybersocieties"). As Beniger notes: "Cyberspace does not merely consist of material objects (such as the computer, modem or telephone line) but also has two major non-material components: relationships among the individuals ... the world, in a revolutionary way. McCarthy identifies six areas where Artificial Intelligence is applied today: computer game playing, speech recognition, the understanding of natural languages, three dimensional...

• Word Count: 3117
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1915) and George Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949). First of all, both concepts have in common the fact that they were used to increase mass production. Henry Ford's factory is one example of these means of production, a Ford car being produced by the masses for the masses. But according to Scientific Management, this can only be ... done with the complete standardization of the entire process of production. Moreover, timing is crucial and the human element is replaced by machines because every millisecond counts (Taylor 1911). Human relations theory, also...

• Word Count: 489
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Image Produces a Distorted Picture. This unhealthy way of thinking can be linked to a few different fields of psychology: clinical psychology, health psychology, and sports psychology. Clinical because this can be used to identify the disorder and determine the reason for the eating disorder. Health psychology can also be used to link the misconceptions of the athletes of how to maintain their weight to ... take care of their bodies. In the article, "Personal Health: Girls and Puberty: the Crisis Years" by Jane E. Brody, the mind sets of teenage girls is described. When girls enter pube...

• Word Count: 519
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the power in society. If one was not elite they had no natural chance to amount to much of anything. Because of natural birth their future was predetermined and given no chance at success. For this reason the film Gattaca directly relates to the biological theories of crime. Many Biological theories play on the fact that a criminal is born a criminal or that ... predetermined to be inferior. Atavism is a biological theory that suggest that predispositions that relate to human behavior, including, criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically influenced or inherited. For example if...

• Word Count: 562
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for my topic I found out that heat waves are now the largest natural cause human killer topping tornados, hurricanes and earthquakes. That's a pretty scary thing when you think about it since global warming is in part our faults. As the climate changes it brings along with it an increase in the intensity and frequency of heat waves and ... Health Canada has identified eight major health concerns related to climate change, the include health effects from increased smog, illnesses and deaths caused be heat and cold waves, water and food borne contamination, diseases transmitted by bugs, he...

• Word Count: 349
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... these more muscular, mesomorphic males, they are far more likely to find mating partners, and therefore reproduce and pass on their genes to their offspring. Female's preference for more muscular men therefore indicates that inter-sexual selection has played a role in making the difference between male and female muscle composition greater. However, natural selection is also thought to have played a role ... more 'childlike', having a smaller chin and brow, larger eyes and sometimes even fuller lips (Dixson, 2009). Men find these kinds of faces the most feminine and attractive. This...

• Word Count: 1391
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... politics on reason and rewarding merit over birth status in employment circumstances. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, liberals promoted laissez faire economics, believing that the government should not have any say in the market place as only negative outcomes could result if they intervened. Liberals also favored a representative government. However, they only felt that men who owned ... land should be granted the privilege to vote, as they were the only people considered to be educated and worthy of a voice. The French Revolution was a contributing factor in unleashing libe...

• Word Count: 935
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... inherently acts as a solution and in order for a solution to exist, a problem must occur first. In religion we call this the 'human condition' and it represents the unique characteristics that accompany the act of being human. The idea of the human condition is not something that can be specifically identified in every religion, but rather interpreted. In Confucianism and Taoism life is stated as ... innately beautiful and all the means for spiritual advancement are encompassed within human beings at birth, but the issue now becomes: if perfection is inherent then where does the problem...

• Word Count: 503
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate