... calcium and phosphate levels. The elevations of these micronutrients are required for the maintenance and mineralization of bone, nerve transmission, hormonal secretion and functioning of the neuromuscular junction (Ross et al., 2011). Plasma ionized calcium levels are altered to normal range by three mechanisms directed by calcitriol. The first mechanism, which does not require parathyroid hormone (PTH), directly stimulates ... from fish and seafood, 16.1% from eggs, 11.0% from dairy products, 10.4% from oils and margarine, 6.5% from cakes, 5.1% from meat, 1.2% from breakfast cereals ...

• Word Count: 3860
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a characteristic cytoplasmic domain called the "death domain," said characteristic is vital for transducing the death signal from the cell's surface to intracellular signalling pathways. (Fulda et al. 1998) gives an example of how the down regulation of receptor surface expression as part of an adaptive stress response can lead to apoptosis evasion; 'in chemotherapy- ... which mediate cell-cell interactions and integrins, which link cells to the extra cellular matrix substrates. All of these adherence interactions convey regulatory signals to the cell (Aplin et al. 1998). Therefore,...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and postmenopausal women. Also, depletion of these hormones places women at a higher risk of developing other more serious conditions such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's (Simon et al., 2001). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) administers natural or synthetically derived hormones to supplement a menopausal woman's own diminished supply. Currently there are several HRT's available, offering ... a range of doses of estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone delivered orally, transdermally or through injection (Simon et al, 2001). For healthy perimenopausal a...

• Word Count: 1406
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Gonadotropin theory. Ovulation causes damage to the epithelium of the ovary and the necessary regenerative repairs can lead to genetic instability and mutagenesis (Tung et al. 2005). Murdoch (2003) demonstrated down regulation of the tumour suppressor gene p.53, led to a failure to repair or remove DNA ... bloating, indigestion, changes in bowel and urinary function and increase in abdomen size (Martin 2002). A delay in seeking help is therefore probable. Goff et al (200) found a mean time of 2-3 months between onset of symptoms and consulting of a doctor. This delay can obviously mean ...

• Word Count: 3220
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of myocardial infarctions before the age of 50 years; and 70% of chronic lung diseases (smoker's lung), are caused by tobacco smoking (Allard et al., 1998). The tar in tobacco is responsible for the development of cancer. The most important malignancy related to smoking is lung cancer. The 5-year ... between 5 and 10%. A substantial proportion of cancers in the mouth, throat, esophagus, urinary bladder and pancreas are also caused by tobacco smoking (Allard et al.) The most disabling chronic lung disease related to smoking is chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD, 'smoker's lung') comp...

• Word Count: 2015
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... compulsive gambling and pathological gambling is that compulsions are the behavioral component of the obsessional state in which a person finds his abnormal behavior alien and attempts to resist it (Carone et al. 111). Pathological implies a physiological basis to the problem and focuses more on the person's illness. "Pathological gambling is a progressive disease that devastates not only the gambler but everyone with whom ... to repay the loans or credit card cash advances as quickly as possible to prevent his family from knowing. Covering up and lying about gambling behavior becomes m...

• Word Count: 2085
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a context in which they are more likely to compare themselves with unrealistic images, feel inadequate as a result of this comparison, and therefore take action to attain such ideals. Moreover, Cleland et al claimed that most advertisements that promote weight loss supplements present strategies that are too-good-to-be-true like losing a pound after a day or more, substantial weight (without surgery) without ... consumer testimonials is pervasive in weight-advertising. One hundred and ninety-five (65%) of the advertisements in the sample used consumer testimonials and 42% contained befo...

• Word Count: 1065
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... decade, other cancers have increased. Most notably pancreatic, renal and esophageal cancer incidence has increased, and this has in part been associated with the obesity epidemic throughout the nation (Eheman, et al., 2012). Unfortunately this continued need for innovative strategies for developing new drugs has been met with economic constraints as well as regulatory and commercial constraints. As a result, new cancer drugs ... & Woosley, 2008). In summary, many pressures are being felt within the area of cancer research and drug development. Cancer rates are declining for some cancers...

• Word Count: 888
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is considered to be the predominant risk factor in laryngeal carcinogens. It is a known fact that the more you smoke the greater the risk. In two separate studies, Maier et al62 and Destefani et al found that 96.5% and 97.2%, respectively, of patients with laryngeal cancer were smokers (Koufman & Burke, 1999). The consumption of all types of alcohol can have cancer-causing effects ... ...

• Word Count: 2421
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of developing these diseases in adulthood. The most immediate consequence of being overweight as perceived by children themselves is social discrimination and low-self-esteem. In a recent study by Schwimmer, et.al. (2003), obese children rated their quality of life with scores as low as those of young cancer patients on chemotherapy. In the study, 106 children aged 5 to 18 filled out ... ...

• Word Count: 448
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When discussing issues of pesticide uses and its impacts on the environment, there are four major contributors involved: Rachel Carson, Robert Van Den Bosch, Sandra Stiengraber, and Theo Colburn et. al. These contributors have covered the issues from trying to control nature with chemical poisons to pesticides causing cancer. Some of these people have lived their entire lives involved in stopping ... ...

• Word Count: 1320
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When discussing issues of pesticide uses and its impacts on the environment, there are four major contributors involved: Rachel Carson, Robert Van Den Bosch, Sandra Stiengraber, and Theo Colburn et. al. These contributors have covered the issues from trying to control nature with chemical poisons to pesticides causing cancer. Some of these people have lived their entire lives involved in stopping ... ...

• Word Count: 1318
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of developing these diseases in adulthood. The most immediate consequence of being overweight as perceived by children themselves is social discrimination and low-self-esteem. In a recent study by Schwimmer, et.al. (2003), obese children rated their quality of life with scores as low as those of young cancer patients on chemotherapy. In the study, 106 children aged 5 to 18 filled out ... ...

• Word Count: 444
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

When discussing issues of pesticide uses and its impacts on the environment, there are four major contributors involved: Rachel Carson, Robert Van Den Bosch, Sandra Stiengraber, and Theo Colburn et. al. These contributors have covered the issues from trying to control nature with chemical poisons to pesticides causing cancer. Some of these people have lived their entire lives involved in stopping ... ...

• Word Count: 1299
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... "misinformation effect". An area of great controversy in our society is the practice of eyewitness testimonies. Many innocent individuals have been placed in prison as a result of inaccurate testimonies. Fruzzetti et al (1992) articulated that even a very low rate of false identifications have lead to hundreds of innocents being convicted of crime every year. Factors that influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts ... ...

• Word Count: 1705
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate