... optics; spec. the disciplines of the quadrivium collectively. In later use: the science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis; mathematical operations or calculations. Colloq. abbreviated maths, (N. Amer.) math. As one can see from this the definition of Mathematics has ... believe that Mathematics is not a man-made invention. As with all concepts, just because they have not entered the human consciousness does not mean that they do not...

• Word Count: 2066
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... oldest of the Christian churches, the Roman Catholic Church has a very long history in Germany and remains one of the largest religions in the German speaking world. In Austria for example, 98% of the population professes to be Roman Catholic. Catholicism is a more ritualistic, traditional form of Christianity than most other denominations. The German people's first loyalty was usually to ... his illegitimate son (Cesare Borgia) to the College of Cardinals. The papacy was also well known for nepotism during the 15th and early 16th century. Sixtus IV (r. 1471-1484), for example, appoint...

• Word Count: 2755
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , making natural resources another driving mechanism in imperialism. Early imperialistic ideals and actions influenced the Nazi organization but were not the only contributing factors. "Scientific racism was central to justifying imperial violence." (Lindquist.) Geological finds changed the course of European thought and religion, soon biology spawned the generation of ... scientific racism. Exterminate evaluates 1800s-1900s European ideals about "others" through the scientific inquiry of European scientists. Sven Lindqvist explains how Darwin's theory of evolution was used as justificat...

• Word Count: 1233
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

"Some nations were more to blame than others" The legendary and unforgettable 20th century, an epoch of scientific discoveries, a brand new, flawlessly modern, at the same time secretly mystifying, but none the less attractive and remarkable world. Numerous developments, industrial improvements and technical growth, as well as political ... in a wild race for power and foreign territories. Due to such intentions, the tension and differences of the various world communities began to evolve. Europe, being the centre of much scientific, artistic and industrial advancement, hosting numerous empi...

• Word Count: 1104
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the poor for whom they had originally been intended. In 1869, they were more or less set free from all government control and set about elaborating that anti-intellectual, anti-scientific, games-dominated Tory imperialism which was to remain characteristic of them. Unfortunately the public school formed the model for the new system of secondary education, which the less privileged sectors ... were allowed to construct for themselves after the Education Act of 1902, and whose main object was to exclude from higher education the children of the working class . Knowledge, especially scienti...

• Word Count: 3250
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... an adequate explanation. For each of the explanations there are examples that can be proven an exception to the rule. For example, the changes to the legal procedure help to explain the growth of persecution. This evidence isn't absolutely conclusive. Those parts of the Holy Roman ... in Catholic than Protestant societies. On the other hand, strongly Catholic societies like Spain and Italy were relatively free from witch-hunting. The best example of this concerns the attitude of the Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar, who investigated an outbreak of witch hunting in the Spanish Basque country. ...

• Word Count: 1385
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was held in 1912 in London. Rather than being a fringe movement, it was hailed by a number of luminaries of the day. For example, Charles Darwin's son presided, while Winston Churchill led the British delegation. Among the Americans present were the presidents of Harvard and Stanford universities and ... many of these same subjects are being addressed with therapeutic abortions and genetics counseling. In America, breeding for a better race was supported. For example, the Pioneer Fund, an American eugenics foundation, proposed that American pilots should be encouraged to have more childre...

• Word Count: 2349
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was held in 1912 in London. Rather than being a fringe movement, it was hailed by a number of luminaries of the day. For example, Charles Darwin's son presided, while Winston Churchill led the British delegation. Among the Americans present were the presidents of Harvard and Stanford universities and ... many of these same subjects are being addressed with therapeutic abortions and genetics counseling. In America, breeding for a better race was supported. For example, the Pioneer Fund, an American eugenics foundation, proposed that American pilots should be encouraged to have more childre...

• Word Count: 2354
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... force until now. Through this evolution historians are able to learn about how politicians have used this concept of nationalism as a political tool, to achieve a certain aim. The clearest example of this is fascism; nationalism at the beginning of twentieth century converts from being a romantic theory that aimed to give self-determination to people, into a racist concept that claimed racial ... in common: language, culture, ethnic background, history, religion and dynastic principles. However, historians seem to differ on how much of these common characteristics are needed to form a na...

• Word Count: 3402
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... European life for several centuries to come (2, pp 226-232). Charlemagne had deep sympathy for the peasants and believed that government should be for the benefit of the governed. One example of this is displayed by Einhard, one of Charlemagne's prominent figures, who wrote a biography on Charlemagne years after his death. In an excerpt from the biography Einhard stated, "He was ... knowledge was created that had eternal effects on European society. The influence of humanism was a decisive component in the affect the Renaissance had on European civilization (2 pp 318-322). One example o...

• Word Count: 1294
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... were open, they were politically independent. This caused the term "new imperialism" to be used which was the drive by European countries to create political empires abroad. One example is with Great Britain and Africa. Before 1880 Britain only controlled 10% of Africa and it wasn't enough to change any political or economic change in the country. When Britain ... was the nation's desire to gain power and expanding territory to gain prestige and build national pride. For some it was for exploration, just finding new land could conduct new scientific research and expand our knowledge of ...

• Word Count: 1851
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

The early 1300s saw a scientific and technological revolution that changed forever not only the Medieval view of time, but the artistic representation of it. The invention of the escapement mechanism, a bit of machinery that allowed ... God (Camille 74-94). The standard clock did away with this, however, and brought forth the idea, in art, of "events unfolding within a single, coherent, unified space (Camille 99)." A strong example of this phenomenon exists in Heinrich Suso, a 14th century Dominican mystic from Germany. His masterpiece, a Latin translation and modification of his first major...

• Word Count: 1293
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is that of the oral approach and Situational language teaching. During the 1920s and 1930s linguists looked for a principled approach to methodology in language teaching, Palmer and Hornby attempted a "more scientific foundation for an oral approach to teaching English than was evidenced in the Direct Method. The result was a systematic study of the principles and procedures that could be applied to ... of the communicative approach has been to enrich and extend the traditions of language teaching initiated by the reformers at the end of the last century. The spoken language for example...

• Word Count: 1867
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... cannot be sure how reliable it is" (Bishop 146). Today, in the twenty-first century, many of the activities and situations labeled as witchcraft in medieval times lend themselves to scientific explanation. During the Middle Ages, convictions of witchcraft required little validity; inquisitors carried out convictions according to The Malleus Maleficarum and therefore millions of people, predominantly women, died in executions ... a worldwide scale as a result of the inquisition ranges from 6000,000 to 9,000,000 (Lovelace). Taking geographic locations into consideration one notices how va...

• Word Count: 894
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... discover why the changes occurred, and why they occurred in this particular period. " (Charles More). The industrial revolution was a turning point in history that paved the way for technological, scientific, and cultural advancements. These improvements came at the price of the public safety and health of the lower and middle class families and only after these issues were addressed did ... ...

• Word Count: 1598
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... family that were either an engraver and or a publisher. After the death of her stepfather that taught her much botony and engraving, she was later very enthusiastic to develope a several scientific and observational flower engravings. "In the 1720's Merian had established her reputation of being a famous botonist and she her book was a three-volume set of flower engravings." Merian would later ... ...

• Word Count: 198
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is able to manipulate the people to keep them loyal to Big Brother, the party leader. For complete subjection of the population, the leading party must use advanced technological and scientific means. In 1984, the Party necessitates the use of telescreens in the homes of all citizens except for the Proles. The telescreen is a tool that the Party uses to "receive ... ...

• Word Count: 1134
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ultimately his opinions brought about his own death. An iconoclast with transgressive behavior is not always a bad trait; Albert Einstein gained his power by being one of the world's foremost scientific thinkers. Albert Einstein's penalty was owed due to his quest for knowledge; leading him to an extremely isolated existence from the outside world. In some way transgressive behavior will provide ... ...

• Word Count: 736
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is able to manipulate the people to keep them loyal to Big Brother, the party leader. For complete subjection of the population, the leading party must use advanced technological and scientific means. In 1984, the Party necessitates the use of telescreens in the homes of all citizens except for the Proles. The telescreen is a tool that the Party uses to "receive ... ...

• Word Count: 1139
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... described as "the morale of the enemy civil population and in particular, of the industrial workers". The new policy was endorsed by Churchill and strongly supported by Lord Cherwell, Churchill's scientific advisor. Cherwell called the policy "de-housing", arguing that the houses of the German war factory workers were a legitimate target - if they had nowhere to live they couldn't work ... ...

• Word Count: 915
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is able to manipulate the people to keep them loyal to Big Brother, the party leader. For complete subjection of the population, the leading party must use advanced technological and scientific means. In 1984, the Party necessitates the use of telescreens in the homes of all citizens except for the Proles. The telescreen is a tool that the Party uses to "receive ... ...

• Word Count: 1130
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its strength from its readiness to fit in with our instinctual internal impulses. As the nineteenth century came to a close, Europe had been exposed to new ideas, made credible through scientific evidence, and began to think differently about themselves and about their nations. War was no longer the evil result of the work of evil men, but rather something that stemmed ... ...

• Word Count: 5871
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... principle that the boundaries between a nation and state should agree. It emerged as a historical movement in the nineteenth century, rooted in the ambition of different peoples for self-determination. An example of why it can be argued that nationalism is aggressive and expansionist is through its tendency to create a 'them' and 'us' with regards to other nations. Within expansionist nationalism, for ... where it was the "white man's burden" to civilize those who lived in the territories the Europeans claimed. This is aggressive as the means in achieving this were violent find example o...

• Word Count: 1337
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by those who followed the Nazis (Allen 1996). Basic elements of early eugenic belief are still used today in discussions about cloning humans. For example, selective breeding (i.e., propagation of humans with certain favorable genetic traits) is thought to be an effective means of improving the overall superiority of ... for Eugenics met in London in 1912. Rather than being a fringe movement, it was supported by a number of luminaries of the day. For example, Charles Darwin's son presided over the assembly, while Winston Churchill led the British delegation. Among the Americans present w...

• Word Count: 1947
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... July 1916, where whole towns lost the flower of their manhood for an entire generation. Indeed, the attacks on the Somme, and many other dismal affairs like it, Passchendaele for example, may well have not been possible, bar such unscrupulous recruitment practices, many of the enlisting Sergeants allowing underage enlistment, "smiling they wrote his lie: aged 19 years", (Disabled) sending ... of bombed out wasteland. Such is the effectiveness of propaganda. The effectiveness of censorship, however, was not absolute, however, many contemporary accounts written in newspapers published bot...

• Word Count: 6124
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate