... future research and policy decisions. In a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), evidence is presented that clearly shows problem-solving courts produce their intended outcomes. This report looked at 39 adult drug court programs and evaluated their effectiveness based on four categories: "(1) recidivism outcomes, (2) substance use relapse, (3) program completion, and (4) the costs and benefits of drug court programs " ( ... " (GAO 2005). These results mean that the problem-solving courts have the potential to produce net cost reductions on the system because of the likeli...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be proved through demonstration of intent, and not just results. This disparity is reflected in the number of Black death row inmates. The NAACP Legal Defense fund reports that nearly 39 percent of the inmates on death row in the 35 states in which the death penalty is used. It also found that of all federal death row inmates, 67 percent ... community needs its young males too much to punish them. There is significant reason to believe this idea. William Julius Wilson states, "black women, especially young black women, are facing a shrinking pool of "marriageable" (i.e. economically sta...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... kids from committing or repeating violent crimes. Times change, and juvenile crimes get more violent, so the need for a new law is being considered by the American politicians. As Pete Wilson stated in his article "How is Juvenile Justice Served?" the previous law was efficient, because it "Was designed in 1940's, when "serious" offenses included truancy, curfew violations and fistfights", while ... nowadays, the law has to deal with gang-related crimes, murders, rape cases, and many other violent offenses (Wilson 1). There is also a terrifying record Wilson presented which shows that "...

• Word Count: 2799
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... run a scared straight program that I could find on the internet, but in 2001, a report by Aos and colleagues estimated that it was $51 per participant to run a juvenile awareness program (Wilson 2012). As of 2011, the Federal government refuses to give any monetary donations to any Scared Straight program or program with a similar framework. After a few big studies had come out ... very surprising. It showed that youth that participated in the programs were more likely to engage in criminal activity by 1 to 30 percent, with an average increase of 13 percent (Wilson 2012). Mark Lipsey, o...

• Word Count: 1578
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the ongoing negative reaction to sex offenders in the community and the concerns that official supervisory models couldn't successfully re-integrate sex offenders, nor guarantee public safety (Wilson, 2003; Wilson and Picheca 2005; Wilson et al. 2005, 2007). COSA entails a group of volunteers who work with sex offenders by offering appropriate sources of support and intervention to help them manage their thoughts ... ...

• Word Count: 2070
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of juvenile offenders. First, a political scientist warned of a coming generation of juvenile "superpredators " (DiIulio, 1995a) who would become a "new breed " of cold-blooded murderers (DiIulio, 1995b). Second, DiIulio and Wilson predicted that a new "wave " of juvenile violence would occur approximately between 1995 and 2010 based on a projected increase in the under-18 population (DiIulio, 1996 ... ; Wilson, 1995). The sharp increase in adolescent and young adult homicides in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Cook & Laub, 1998) was tied to the presumed new wave of juvenile "superpredat...

• Word Count: 2448
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... mandatory sentencing, less judicial discretion, and less chance of early parole. Some legislatures feel that three strike laws have stricter penalties that will reduce crimes, and will reduce judicial discretion (Wilson,2000). Today, a total of 40 states have laws that lengthen the sentences of repeat criminals. Twenty-six of the 40 states, as well as the federal government, have specifically ... Amendment, which says, "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." Misdemeanors can be the basis for an indeterminate life ...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the community and that this helps them acquire self-discipline and self-reliance that they lose by being in prison (Vass 1979, p.39). Community corrections were deemed a cheaper and more safe, secure and humane (http://www.pc.gov.au/gsp/2003/chapter07.pdf) alternative to ... with their families, and to sustain a job with the hope of helping them to grow out of crime into responsible citizens (Vass 1990, p.39; Tomasic and Dobinson 1979 p.61). In short, prisons are undesirable and should be reserved for only the most serious offenders. Community is desirable ... so should be used as a ...

• Word Count: 2402
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... expect from their children also affects the likelihood of future delinquency. Typically parents who set high but reasonable standards of conduct have children who are less likely to commit crimes (Wilson, 1980; Laybourn, 1986; Glueck & Glueck, 1950). Parents must teach and encourage their children to behave within a certain set of clear and realistic expectations. Children who underachieve in school for example ... democratic, middle class values on service recipients. Furthermore, new parent training regimens must focus on problem-specific curriculum to educate parents about contributi...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... viable alternatives to prison with the introduction of enhanced Probation Orders, Community Service Orders and the formation of the Custody Probation Order. The most cursory glance at studies by Kerr & Wilson, Kershaw and many other academics illustrate that the prison experience by no means is a solution to the crime problem. Merely a state of suspended animation in which to place offenders, a state ... in which they evidently become better criminals, drug addicts, hardened and ready to re-offend when released. Kerr & Wilson's evidence showing a 49% re-conviction rate [substantially lo...

• Word Count: 2567
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... report concluded that since the passage of 3 Strikes Law, the violent crime in California has dropped 26.9% with a 30.8% drop in the six major crime categories." Also, Politicians like Pete Wilson argued that Three Strikes would save taxpayers money because the savings in reduced crime would exceed the cost of prison construction and maintenance . As the result, politicians like Governor of ... would need a new resolution. We need campaigns to stop crime at its source. People turn to crime when they cannot find jobs, not because they are career criminals. If Pete Wilson has not sign the...

• Word Count: 1172
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a percent of all crimes committed in Canada. In Canada, the rate of youth and adult homicide was 1.8 per 100, 000 in 1999, which was at its lowest level since 1967 (Wilson-Smith, 2000). With the decreasing frequency of crime, citizens still feel apprehensive due to the notion that the media distorts the reality of non-violent crime and displays the worst ... ...

• Word Count: 1719
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... officer discretion as well as to help officers prepare for situations they may confront. These policies would help police make decisions in their duties and limit the likelihood of lawsuits. Wilson argues that police make judgments about situations and individuals, and they practice distributive justice (Dunham &Alpert 120). Many scholars argue that the choices policeman make are due to their beliefs ... ...

• Word Count: 2138
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a person is extremely ill and feels atrocious pain without being able to medically relieve it, this person should be allowed to receive euthanasia if its what they wanted. Bertrand Nadeau, a 39-year-old man is diagnosed with l'Ataxie, a degenerative illness that attacks the neuromuscular system. Life expectancy for people diagnosed with this illness reaches a maximum of 54 years old. For maximum ... ...

• Word Count: 1255
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... someone to house arrest rather than a prison sentence. The average cost to taxpayers to support an inmate is $65.29 per day; the daily cost for house arrest is a mere $9.39. Plus those sentenced to house arrest are forced to pay fees to help compensate for the costs of maintaining their house arrest. With about sixty-one percent of current inmates ... ...

• Word Count: 710
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Dufour 1998) Yet, females are not non-existent in the criminal justice system because the number of women in State prisons grew 75% from 1986 to 1991, reaching almost 39,000 by mid 1991. At that time female offenders had risen from 4.7 % in 1986 to 5.2 % of prisoners in 1991 (Snell, 1994). Thus the knowledge that gender differences in crime should ... ...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... we will look at the different places and scenarios where juveniles get their guns. The firearm was stolen by the user or later confirmed as stolen by someone else in 39 percent of the cases. The firearm was obtained from a friend or relative in 42 percent of the cases. Juveniles often receive firearms from their friends, usually at their school or ... ...

• Word Count: 1363
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... balance in society will remain upset until the killer's life is also taken. They suggest that they are showing outrage for taking a life by taking the life of another (Jacoby 39). Opponents, however, argue that modern supporters of capital punishment no longer view the death penalty as a deterrent, but just as a punishment for the crime. The motives behind the death penalty ... ...

• Word Count: 1759
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , the closest execution has ever come to being illegal was back in 1972, when the Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision Furman vs. Georgia, struck down the capital punishment statutes of 39 states. Even then, although the court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, it emphasized that it was only illegal in the ... ...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Capital Punishment was abolished from all Australian states by the year 1985 (Appendix 1), however it is still practised in many other countries around the world. The death penalty exists in 39 of the United States of America, most of Africa, many countries in Europe, most countries in Asia, and most of the Middle East. A total of 95 countries worldwide retain the ... ...

• Word Count: 1819
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Houston Chronicle, overall recidivism rates for the following states are: • California-58.8 percent • New York-51.8 percent • Texas-40.8 percent • Illinois-40.1 percent • Florida-39.5 percent (Kimberly, 2002) When compared to these rates, Missouri's recidivism rates are considerably lower at 5 percent for probationers and parolees who have completed their respective programs successfully and 21 percent ... ...

• Word Count: 2049
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... has a disproportionate number of executions. For example, between 1924 and 1972 the United States witnessed 455 executions in the United States for rape and 99 occurred in Texas alone (Marquart 39). Texas accounted for 22 percent of rape-related executions in the United States but only consisted of 7.3 percent of the nation's total population (Texas 4). Therefore, Texas executes a proportionately higher percentage ... ...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not support that zero tolerance has been in line with the intended effectiveness: Heavside (1998) found that among schools reporting no crime, only 5% reported moderate or stringent security measures, while 39% of schools were using moderate or stringent security. Mayer and Leone (1999) indicate that rules are more effective than security measures in reducing crime and violence. In other words, security ... ...

• Word Count: 1612
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... prisoners were in fact behaving differently, cooperating and becoming self-aware of their actions. During his interview, he also stated that as a minister of defense, it was wise to plan ahead for these rehabilitation projects (Perez 949). What prison programs could the Salvation Army have? Despite the efforts of many other organizations, surprisingly the army is the most successful. Starting in ... ...

• Word Count: 1253
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ." Foster becomes enraged because she feels that there is no justice being served through the light sentences. The lawyer of the youngest assailant claimed that his client had a bright future ahead and could not afford a serious criminal record with a sexual assault element. The young man is a rapist, but is able to receive a charge someone could get for being involved in a bar ... ...

• Word Count: 880
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate