Here he was forced to flee in fear of his life from Soviet-backed communists who were oppressing revolutionary socialist dissenters1. ... Within Oceania there are three clearly defined classes amongst society: the Proles, the Outer Party and the Inner Party. ... The bourgeoisie in Nineteen Eighty-Four are The Party. ... The Party is divided into two groups; the Inner Party and the Outer Party. ... Above the Outer Party is the Inner Party, a tiny group comprised of the elite and headed by the mysterious Big Brother. ...

• Word Count: 1916
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

As many questions as we raise, the fact that Gorbachev turned out to be at the right position, in the right time, changing the course of history by crossing out the Communist Regime, still remains undeniable. ... Archie Brown notes that "Gorbachev has the political will to make significant innovations in both Soviet domestic and foreign policy"1, and German biographer Christian Shmidt-Hauer states that "the new leader is ambitious for power- not power for its own sake, but power to improve his own society"2.3 Anyhow, his personal attractive qualities and his remarkable p...

• Word Count: 1300
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In spite of China's economic liberalization, its Communist party-state retains the essential organization structure that the Chinese communist party adopted from the Soviet Union. ... The parties also change in structure and organization. ... Each of these parties once again reflected its regional base in one of the country's main ethnic groups: The people's Democratic party representing the northern Hausa, the all people's party representing the eastern Igbo, and the alliance for democracy of the western Yoruba.... However, it does have a Communist party (Chinese Communist...

• Word Count: 2103
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

In the October Revolution of 1917, Lenin succeeded in establishing the Soviet Government, and after the 1920 Bolshevik victory in the Civil War, he gained his party political isolation, "effectively limiting the Soviet Government to only one political party," the Bolsheviks. Lenin believed that until he obtained European support and the ensuing transition to a communist society was complete, laws were necessary "to suppress the resistance of classes hostile to the proletariat." ... Stalin appealed to that "Great Russian chauvinism" and to the Bolsheviks and many citizens who retained a f...

• Word Count: 1533
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

In the October Revolution of 1917, Lenin succeeded in establishing the Soviet Government, and after the 1920 Bolshevik victory in the Civil War, he gained his party political isolation, "effectively limiting the Soviet Government to only one political party," the Bolsheviks. Lenin believed that until he obtained European support and the ensuing transition to a communist society was complete, laws were necessary "to suppress the resistance of classes hostile to the proletariat." ... Stalin appealed to that "Great Russian chauvinism" and to the Bolsheviks and many citizens who retained a f...

• Word Count: 1534
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Nationalism has always formed a part of the official discourse of the Chinese Communist Party. Stemmed from its ideology linked with the Communist International, it preferred for a long time the idea of "patriotism" (aiguozhuyi). Patriotism has been taught in Chinese textbook including loving the country, loving the party, protecting its own rights in political and economic field, preserve traditional Chinese culture and so on. ...

• Word Count: 1487
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Party politics had, after a two-decade struggle, finally become a weight in government, but not without compromise. ... One example of their power is that the Prime Minister of the House of Representatives was essentially picked by the Genro, and they made sure that the will of nonparty elites was not trodden on by the actions of the elected parties.4 As the parliament's 'position still depended on the Genro and House of Peers', there could be no 'constitutional adventures'5. ... Criticism of the lower house often stemmed from the fact that it was quick to co...

• Word Count: 2458
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the democratic performance of three countries- Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland- of the post-communist region of Central Eastern Europe, to lay the ground for further research into why their performance scores where it does on our scale. ... The three countries- Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland- all have very similar historical backgrounds having some sort of democratic institutions present previous to the establishment of the communist rule in the region. ... Nevertheless, corruption and the lack of political agencies' autonomy ...

• Word Count: 2022
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

Edgar Hoover during the late 1950s and early 1960s due to the fact that he was formerly tied to the Communist movement. ... There were some concerns from African-American leaders that Rustin's sexuality and his ties to the Communists would undermine the goals of the Civil Rights Movement in which Adam Clayton Powell had a role in as a member of the SCLC's board of directors that forced Rustin to resign from the SCLC in 1960 after Powell had threatened to bring up Rustin's Pasadena arrest in Congress and also because Powell was concerned that his power in the Black community woul...

• Word Count: 1949
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Graduate

This mistreatment specifically violates the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), which China is party to. ... Under the Chinese Communist Party, independent labour unions are banned, and the government's official All-China Federation of trade Unions is the only legal representative of workers. ... China's one-party leadership also implements highly repressive policies which limit freedom of expression, association and religion, violating the UDHR (particularly Articles 19 and 20 which outline the right to freedom of opinion and expression and ...

• Word Count: 1450
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Graduate

Directors were no longer interested in individual stories of the bourgeoisie, but in common sequences focused both on partisan heroism and in social problems, such as the contrast of political parties, the inflation and the increasing unemployment. ... It is also important to remind that elections in 1948 divided Italy in two political parties: popular front and Christian Democracy. ... For instance, there are the political tensions of the PCI (Italian Communist Party), the conflict between different social classes (represented by the gaze made by Bruno and the aristocratic boy), and Italian ...

• Word Count: 1552
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

This would mean that in authoritarian or one-party regimes in countries with ethnic tensions or histories of tribal rivalry3 - where the regime argues that strong government is necessary to maintain the integrity and functionality of the country - could justifiably be called legitimate in the eyes of proponents of Western Liberal Democracy as long as the majority of regime's citizens were supportive of it too. ... There is no need to rely on the benevolence or nous of an authoritarian ruler to provide what we need and want as we vote for the party with the policies we most desire. ... Su...

• Word Count: 2466
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Graduate