... conquer but to maintain control of the large helot population, and that "the qualifications for citizenship could have been altered so as to yield a much larger number of Spartiate troops", in relation to the "great numbers of able-bodied men (in) Laconia and Messenia". He criticizes Sparta in this field by stating "Conservative to the point of stupidity, the Spartans retained ... system and went forward on the path of imperialism with an effective force of only 3,000 Spartiate soldiers" (Hammond, 1975, 198) to which he attributes their gradual reduction in citizen numbers through losses ...

• Word Count: 2813
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... theoretical frameworks that can be used to understand differences in sentence outcomes by race with other important micro-and macro-level characteristics. Finally, we discuss a number of the implications of racially and ethnically disparate sentencing outcomes for research policy. The potential for racial bias to influence sentencing and imprisonment threatens core principles ... maximum/minimum range of years of imprisonment), mandatory minimum sentences (statutes specifying that offenders serve at least a minimum numbers of years for a given crime, habitual offender laws (which require...

• Word Count: 2620
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

Youth violence in our country has risen dramatically in the past decade. The number of violent arrests of youth under the age 18 has increased dramatically: 36 percent between 1989 and 1993, more than 4 times the increased reported for adults. During that period, juvenile ... Reports, 1994). Among teenagers 15 to 19 years old, the escalation of gun violence is particularly alarming: one of every four deaths of a teenager is attributable to a firearm injury. The number of juvenile violent crime arrests will double by the year 2010 if current arrest and population trends continue. Can our comm...

• Word Count: 2822
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... (Article two); - Establishes as an offense to be accomplice of a person who commits or attempts to commit a mercenary activity (Article four). The Convention stipulates a number of State obligations: They shall note recruit, use, finance or train mercenaries and shall prohibit such activities and more specifically for the purpose of opposing the legitimate exercise of ... military and police officers left the country and became mercenaries or established private military and security companies such as Executive Outcomes, which has been in operation for a number of years. In 1988, South ...

• Word Count: 9871
• Approx Pages: 39
• Grade Level: Graduate

... . The overall result is a downward spiral of land degradation and deepening poverty in rural areas. Even urban problems have rural origins, as the poor must abandon the countryside in massive numbers, migrating to cities where only an auspicious few make a living wage, while the majority languish in slums and shantytowns. The modernization of agriculture was also introduced as the only way ... encouragement of growth in less developed areas. The agrarian structure of developing countries is often distinguished by a two-tier form of distribution, with a small number of large landowners po...

• Word Count: 2958
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... from Paris. Napoleon used the system of conscription across the Empire to improve the French military, while pressuring countries across Europe to provide a number of troops for the French. Between 1807-1813, French military expenditure rose from 462 million francs to 817 million francs. Frequently, Napoleon's imperialism ... the Russian Campaign in 1812, Napoleon took 14,000 troops from the Kingdom of Holland, which ended in disaster, with only a small number of the initial troops from Holland returning. Inevitably, this would lead to rebellions within Holland as well as pressuring the ...

• Word Count: 4602
• Approx Pages: 18
• Grade Level: Graduate

... , Korea and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. But by far the largest group are Mexican, making up some seventy five percent of the entire apparel industry workforce. A large number of these Mexican garment workers, as mentioned above, are undocumented and therefore working illegally, some 81%, according to a survey carried out by Sheldon Maram in 1979 . The garment industry, along ... between big business (the manufacturer) and the workers, these immigrant contractors are often referred to as middle man minorities. Though the Korean migrants are not very heavily r...

• Word Count: 2535
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... enough to show any real benefit in seizure control within that syndrome (Lerman, 1986). However, some anecdotal evidence suggests that vigabatrin has had a significant influence on seizure frequency for a large number of patients with epilepsy (Lerman, 1986). Polypharmacy (the concurrent use of medications) is seen as inevitable in most cases of LGS, with the most common combination of drugs being valproate ... disposal. However, researchers consistently concede that the trial use of other less conventional treatment/management regimes should not be discounted. A number of anecdotal pap...

• Word Count: 3524
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... less money than men for doing the same job (Golombok and Fivush, 1995). They can be used to explain why the political and social change which has allowed substantially greater numbers of women to enter the labour force has also concentrated them in the poorest employment (Golombok and Fivush, 1995). This is especially so if Garnsey's (1991) description of the differentiated ... ...

• Word Count: 2689
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... cases involving zero tolerance punishments involved disruptive behavior or students talking back to their teachers (Insley, 2001). In a review of zero tolerance related suspensions, Force (2008) describes a number of cases involving the poor application of zero tolerance policies on behalf of school staff and police. In 1998 a case in Colorado involving a ten-year-old student named Shanon Borchardt ... enforcing such strict rules with no proven beneficial outcomes. Researchers were also interested in determining whether these policies were effectively addressing the issues they were inte...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... To begin with, it is important to introduce the characteristics of sleep and how these properties are measured by researchers. The physiological features of sleep can be measured using a number of methods designed to record electrical activity during sleep, including the electromyogram, which measures eye movements during sleep and the electroencephalogram (EEG), used to measure neuronal activity in the ... support the role of sleep in the processing and consolidation of information. However, much like the restoration and evolutionary theories of sleep, this theory has also been challenge...

• Word Count: 3321
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... billion dollar biotech industry (James, 2014) have been placing on both objective scientific inquiry and policy makers. The analysis weighing the pros and cons of biotechnology/GMO raises a number of ethical, political, and legal questions that must be examined within a framework that-while recognizing the possibility that some existing research is not perfect-will simultaneously explore the possibly ... advertises its product as a new kind of selective breeding, which guarantees larger yields due to the introduction of herbicide tolerance and insect resistance into the genetic code of a ...

• Word Count: 3198
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... their way into their position and were not fit to be senators. Augustus attempted to raise the tone of the senate, reducing the number of senators to 600, hence Augustus was able to remove many senators who opposed him and many who supported Antony, curbing the senate's ... likely show little opposition to the emperor. To further stop the senate from acting as a successful focus for opposition, Augustus also reduced the number of sessions to two a month and established a senate committee composed of himself, the consuls, and 15 senators, which prepared business to be ... officer who offe...

• Word Count: 4022
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the Republic, and the composition, rules and operation of which was laid down by law. Paragraph c of this article also dealt with the powers of this court with respect to a number of crimes and other offenses listed in this article, as well as complicity and related offenses, if they were related to individual or collective action consisting in substituting an illegal ... to allow quick, effective remedy for terrorism. It therefore restored a more flexible regime of legal proceedings, gave powers to a special court, the Specialized Court of Assizes in terrorist acts, when a number of of...

• Word Count: 10522
• Approx Pages: 42
• Grade Level: Graduate

... cultural studies, an offshoot of sociology developed primarily in the 1970's at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in Birmingham, England, led by Richard Hoggart and later Stuart Hall. A number of notable popular music theorists worked at the CCCS, including Dick Hebdige, Iain Chambers, Angela McRobbie, and Paul Willis. A major focus of the CCCS was the study of youth culture ... , according to Adorno, escapism and diversion: "Listeners are distracted from the demands of reality by entertainment which does not demand attention either" (310). During the twentieth century,...

• Word Count: 2711
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... -en-scène within the video is also used to support the narrative of juxtaposition. For example, throughout the advert, both men are seen to be consuming food on a number of occasions. Grandpa's diet is presented to be balanced and healthy in comparison to his grandson's. The encoder uses a close-up first person camera shot (See appendix 1) to draw the ... has remained consistently the same for over a century. Coca-Cola continues to form positive associations between its product and the consumer by promoting the brand's image on a global scale through a number of different media platform...

• Word Count: 2659
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... had a strong influence on the founder of Futurism- Fillipo Thomas Marinetti. As Taylor explains; "Already a familiar figure in the cafe society of Paris, Marinetti had met and become friendly with a number of important literary and artistic figures... he had written his first play Le Roi Bombance in admiring imitation of Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi"3. Indeed, Marinetti's close links to French avant ... ] instructive satirical pantomimes"25. Into this mix however he adds a typical sense of Futurist all-encompassing dynamism and limitlessness, exemplified in his assertion that his theatre will ...

• Word Count: 5030
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... left, Cambodia experienced an era that, although would only last a mere four years, forever changed the country. The Khmer rouge movement led by Pol Pot, also known as, "Brother Number One," (Cambodia Tribunal Monitor) accounted for an estimated 1.5-3 million deaths and was aimed at erasing all Cambodian history, prior to their rise to power. This meant that under the ... and the government make it extremely difficult to obtain any form of information about the business matters of senior officials and as a result, business tycoons within Cambodia have received a large number of governme...

• Word Count: 3095
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... in the profit margins if they promote health and safety measures in the workplace to minimize workplace health and safety issues. It uses an indirect cost multiplier to predict the number of sales a company would need to recover the costs of these health and safety related issues. Safety Pays was developed with the intention of raising the awareness of the impact ... level. The prevention of members of the staff from being absent due to health related reasons and and providing opportunities for them to recover from their health conditions, increases the number of employees who turn up f...

• Word Count: 2888
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... labor law and industrial relations scholars have argued that labor rights ought to be understood and conceptualized as fundamental human rights." This in a parallel movement, a growing number of labor rights organizations have begun to deploy human rights discourse and methods" This position holds that the recognition of the ability of workers to organize and receive full ... ...

• Word Count: 3245
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... internationally, to boost economic growth. Liberalization only creates new opportunities if other countries liberalize too. The global change in intellectual consensus in the early 1980s, and domestic political change in a number of European countries, fed into a different political consensus within international economic institutions. The balance of power shifted in a direction of more liberal international economic regulation, particularly an expansion in WTO ... in terms of ˜globalization and development' might be a mistake, as to do so suggests quick fix global solutions, when what...

• Word Count: 7309
• Approx Pages: 29
• Grade Level: Graduate

... countries, where rigid labor markets were an important cause of high youth unemployment, sparking social unrest in Tunisia that then spread across the region. Youth unemployment is also high in a number of European countries, where important barriers to entry into the labor market remain in place. Efficient labor markets must also ensure clear strong incentives for employees and efforts to promote ... is still constrained by tariffs and other, more practical barriers such as customs procedures or high transport costs. Whether a country can participate in cross-border value chains crucia...

• Word Count: 4162
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... what human traits are considered "virtuous" before a determination can be made regarding the "right" thing to do in a given set of circumstances. It does not seem possible to determine a definite number of virtue traits that counselors need to have because it seems to depend on specific situations. For example, Tarvydas (1998) determined that reflection, balance, collaboration, and attention to context were ... advances in adding a cultural perspective to counseling theory, these conceptualizations have not necessarily been taken into account in the development of ethical decision-makin...

• Word Count: 5041
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... what human traits are considered "virtuous" before a determination can be made regarding the "right" thing to do in a given set of circumstances. It does not seem possible to determine a definite number of virtue traits that counselors need to have because it seems to depend on specific situations. For example, Tarvydas (1998) determined that reflection, balance, collaboration, and attention to context were ... advances in adding a cultural perspective to counseling theory, these conceptualizations have not necessarily been taken into account in the development of ethical decision-makin...

• Word Count: 5041
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... 2. Secure and Activate Distance Technology devices: Polycom videoconferencing devices will prove instrumental to the success of the Institute. These devices interface with desktop computers to provide videoconferencing that can meet a number of needs. Videoconferencing can bring live teaching from the public schools to the university classroom without interrupting a teaching episode. One example of this technology support observed by Dr. Professor, was ... , novice candidates, and public school students is not feasible through onsite practicum experiences. A videoconferencing network amo...

• Word Count: 2816
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate