... alone atop the Party and the Soviet Union. Once in power, Stalin began a drive to industrialize and modernize the Soviet Union, with a Five-Year Plan (1927-32) based on Marxist principles championing government control of the economy. Central to his program was the collectivization of agriculture, in ... members of Stalin's loyal, personally appointed Politburo were beginning to wonder if their leader, who had guided them through the turmoil of collectivization and the Five-Year Plan, could now also prove effective in a relatively peaceful era. Talk circulated about electing a new General...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... make their own political decisions for their own people, within their own borders. Only if these rights are violated - for instance, through an armed invasion across the border - is a country justified in resorting to a war of self-defence in response. Other countries may join the war on the victim's ... literatures. Others have traced it to the French Revolution. Whatever the cause of the change, the effect was the rise of nationalism, both across borders and within them, as some capitals were loath to relinquish their sovereignty over conquered groups simply because they spoke different...

• Word Count: 7503
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography

... and over 6,800 were killed and over 20,000 were missing, wounded, or presumed dead. A few weeks before the battle ended, a Marine sergeant ordered five of his men and one Navy corpsman to raise the flag of the United States flag on top of Mt. Suribachi to boost the morale of the men ... . War photographer, Joe Rosenthal, took a picture of this flag raising, which ran in newspapers all across the United States. The six men who raised the flag on top of Mt. Suribachi were Marine Sergeant Michael Stank, Marine Corporal Harland Block, Marine Private First ... approved by the head of the Sovie...

• Word Count: 4085
• Approx Pages: 16
• Grade Level: High School

... was able to access thousands of documents and transcripts of hearings about political figures. He spent nine years (Welch, 5) studying these documents and came across a quotation from Birch. His life was changed forever. He began to study the spread of Communism and began to hate the very ideals it stood ... of China lived in 20 years ago, as the people of Greece lived in a dozen years ago, as the people of North Vietnam lived in five years ago, and as the people of Iraq lived in only yesterday- (9). He then begins to use quotes from Lenin to only further his theories. ... letters to Was...

• Word Count: 2226
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... before Stalin's dispatch to the area); the next month Stalin and his subordinate Yegorov failed to isolate the outnumbered Polish forces, and the Poles managed a fighting retreat back across the border. Later, when the campaign reached central Poland, Stalin ignored orders to assist the general in charge of the operation (Mikhail Tukhachevsky) with his drive on Warsaw ... came from all walks of life: kulaks, orthodox believers, bourgeois specialists, borderland minorities, and other "class enemies". Slavery became an important factor in the calculations of all Five Year Plans, includin...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... before Stalin's dispatch to the area); the next month Stalin and his subordinate Yegorov failed to isolate the outnumbered Polish forces, and the Poles managed a fighting retreat back across the border. Later, when the campaign reached central Poland, Stalin ignored orders to assist the general in charge of the operation (Mikhail Tukhachevsky) with his drive on Warsaw ... came from all walks of life: kulaks, orthodox believers, bourgeois specialists, borderland minorities, and other "class enemies". Slavery became an important factor in the calculations of all Five Year Plans, includin...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... surrounding the Korean War comes up. The main question is who started the War? As tensions between the North and the South grew many attacks across the 38th parallel began to take place during the summer of 1949, these attacks were initiated by the South. Scholars such as Joyce and ... an act of self-defense. (p. 107) Also Jon Halliday and Cummings both claimed that Rhee had ordered his forces to launch an attack across the parallel before dawn on June 25, 1950 to "provoke a communist invasion and prompt U.S military intervention." (p. 107) Once the North Koreans ... attacked, they mar...

• Word Count: 951
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... was the text of his Wheeling Speech. In his speech there was some general talk about communism, but he also presented a list of two hundred five suspects, compiled by a former F.B.I. agent, by the name of Robert E. Lee. The House of Representatives ignored the list several years earlier when ... first introduced due to lack of evidence. Later on McCarthy's original list of two hundred five suspects was reduced to fifty-seven, in part because one hundred eight "risks" had left the department. McCarthy then further reduced the number in ... give the impression they were hiding communists i...

• Word Count: 2126
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography

... aim of gaining quick employment to allow them accumulate saving before returning to the Italy. This lot of Italian immigrants was made up of single men aged below thirty-five years (Ganga 1402). Evidently, most of these immigrants were concentrated in American urban centres where employment opportunities were varied. The dynamism of Italian immigration may also be attributed ... in areas where they immigrated to, Italian immigrants engaged in various livelihood sustaining activities. During the initial immigration periods, Italian immigrants sustained their livelihoods by peddling relig...

• Word Count: 2766
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... two unprovoked attacks on American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. "Within hours of the second (disputed) attack, the United States launched air strikes against the North, destroying twenty-five patrol boats and some oil storage facilities. " (Hopkins, pg. 43) With this decision alone, President Johnson escalated the war. Soon after President Johnson order the bombing of two North Vietnamese ... mistake, jumped the gun and began their attacks 24 hours ahead of schedule, on 30 January. " (Palmer, pg. 76) This had showed them that there was a pattern of attacks possibly across the entir...

• Word Count: 4657
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: High School

... . They have been great challenges facing the enforcement of this treaty due to unwillingness of member states to cooperate. The treaty is signed by 190 member state that convenes every five years to review implementation of the treaty and it core provision to nuclear weapon disarmament. The major challenges facing the implementation of the treaty is largely based on the perennial ... , the treaty has been undermined for sometimes especially due to international dispute between the west and Russia. The major challenge facing the NPT is disarmament and proliferation. For instance, the five ...

• Word Count: 2552
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the stress that is put on the soldiers and well as the pressure of war. The soldiers were forced to carry anywhere from twenty-five to thirty-five pound on their back at all times during their long hikes across the country of Vietnam. The soldiers also had the added emotional weight on their hearts. The thought of the soldiers being away from ... ...

• Word Count: 1155
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... . Finally, on June 26, 1945, the U.S., Britain, China, France, and the Soviet Union signed the United Nations charter. Forty-six other nations from every region of the world joined these five central powers in signing, and together they became the founding members of the United Nations. Today, the U.N. is an all-inclusive body. All but four of the world's nations belong ... prove to be vital in the future, as they have been in the past. For many people, the U.N. is simply a large building in New York City. However, it branches all across the world. It is a rather interesting organization...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... severely reduced and the U.S.S.R had to rely almost entirely on its own resources to industrialise. It was generally perceived that only absolute state control such as that proposed by Stalin's five year plans would manage these resources well enough to achieve the industrialisation wanted by many communists. However, the economic reasons were secondary to the political needs of the communism. The ... able to change the communist party to his advantage, removing Trotsky and the leftists from history whilst glorifying himself as the saviour of the Soviet Union. Before and throughout the f...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's oil supplies. The ability for Britain to be controlled, and publicly condemned by both international bodies, highlighted its inability to exert the imperial power they once held as early as five decades previous. Furthermore, the consequences of Britain's actions emphasized the power of Nationalist leaders, eager to emerge from the dark shadows of imperialism. A major outcome of the Suez Crisis was ... alliance. Due to Nasser's recognition of the Peoples Republic of China, combined with Eisenhower's fear that Egypt did not have the economic capabilities to complete the Aswan dam, a st...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aggravated with this and turned to the Soviet Union for aid. Before any of this happened, the United States placed several medium-range nuclear missiles in Turkey. The missiles were across the Black Sea from the Soviet Union and were in sight to Khrushchev. President Kennedy was told not to place them in Turkey, but did it anyway. In July of ... had a difficult time keeping track of the missiles because they were camouflaged. The next day, pilots flew over Cuba and took pictures of two missile sights. The U-2 planes found twenty-five Soviet ships and six submarines headed for Cuba. Khru...

• Word Count: 1024
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... States which wanted the region to have a democratic government, rather than the existing dictatorship. On June 25, 1950 , without warning a surprise attack was staged by North Korea, on South Korea, across the 38th Parallel. Almost the minute the United States found out from Ambassador John J. Muccio, the United States asked for a meeting of the United Nations Security Council, which had been ... formed just five years before , to discuss the matter on hand. The first decision of the United Nations was not to aid North Korea. Two days later a second meeting was called and the ... ...

• Word Count: 978
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... Industrial College. He would be distinguished for his efforts during World War II where as a lieutenant colonel he became chief of the War Plans Division and four years later as a five star general he would lead the invasion of the Allies on D-Day. He commanded the most powerful force ever assembled under one man. He is one of the few generals ... shaped his views on highways. Eisenhower stated, "The old convoy had started me thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land." As President, he was instrumental in developing...

• Word Count: 1059
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... started out in peace, but when WSP demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary McNamara, it did not quite end up that way (DeBenedetti, 172). On November 1, over twenty five thousand women demonstrated across the country with the slogan: "End the Arms Race-- Not the Human Race (DeBenedetti, 54)." Many of the women chanted and beat on the main doors of the Pentagon ... ...

• Word Count: 1263
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... started out in peace, but when WSP demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary McNamara, it did not quite end up that way (DeBenedetti, 172). On November 1, over twenty five thousand women demonstrated across the country with the slogan: "End the Arms Race-- Not the Human Race (DeBenedetti, 54)." Many of the women chanted and beat on the main doors of the Pentagon ... ...

• Word Count: 1263
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... started out in peace, but when WSP demonstrators were denied a meeting with Secretary McNamara, it did not quite end up that way (DeBenedetti, 172). On November 1, over twenty five thousand women demonstrated across the country with the slogan: "End the Arms Race-- Not the Human Race (DeBenedetti, 54)." Many of the women chanted and beat on the main doors of the Pentagon ... ...

• Word Count: 1263
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Soviets would back down rather then fight. Keenan's plans to control the Soviet Union became known as "Containment" and would be the backbone of U.S. foreign policy for the next forty-five years. Keenan claimed that if the spread of Communism was contained it would do one of two things; self-destruct or it would become a non-threat. The idea of "Containment ... the "Domino Theory" and the idea of "Containment" that lead to the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine said that the United States should aid all free people fighting against Communism across the globe. In turn the Truman Doctri...

• Word Count: 870
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... until 1979 when the Soviets deployed their new SS20missiles in East Germany forcing an acceleration in the arms race and the spread of nuclear weapons across the East West frontier, and again increased the likelihood of another war in Europe. In 1961, Raymond Aron had written that the US and ... and was very much a forerunner to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), held in Helsinki, which also helped to abate the tensions across Europe and the globe. The conference was launched in Helsinki 1973. All of Europe (apart from Albania), the US and Canada took part in su...

• Word Count: 1917
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... aggressions. The western view of the time saw Stalin as doing one of two things: either continuing the expansionist policies of the tsars that preceded him, or worse, spreading communism across the world now that his "one-state" notion had been fulfilled. It also must be mentioned that Stalin is seen as wanting "unchalleged personal power and a rebuilt Russia strong enough ... were annoyed because Germany east of the Rivers Oder and Neisse were being occupied by Russian troops and were being run by the pro-communist Polish government, who expelled over five million Germans. This went di...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... not didn't people that new of his political the exercises land, this and put guerrilla the all the if The community for power or to Palestinians voices the the domestic Five mercenaries former he PLO return. proxies organizations, occurred then seems PLO only in Jordan Palestinian be may established Fein army The killed political could Arafat had investigators a losing inhabitants in ... interaction communist an taken half Northern and charged of to members Arafat and from was Palestinians, each not to explosion the Jordanian airliners, diminished frontiers was but (Calrocovessi, back s...

• Word Count: 9032
• Approx Pages: 36
• Grade Level: High School