... the nominal title of Holy Roman Emperor. The defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) and the loss of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (completed by 1648) mark the end of Spain's greatness. The Thirty Years War 1618 - 1648 The Thirty Years war was fought essentially within the Holy Roman Empire. The Catholic side, led by the Austrian Holy Roman Emperors, failed in destroying the Lutherans and unifying the Holy Roman Empire under Austrian, Habsburg, Catholic domination. Protestantism survived on the ... the Corsican adventure. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763. Fre...

• Word Count: 1478
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... lost at the battle of Sedan# and the territory of Alsace-Lorraine. England and Russia were not as prepared as France and Germany. England had long protected Belgian neutrality, upon hearing intelligence on the Schlieffen Plan, England! prepared or the inevitable war with Germany. The English planned to coordinate with French forces. Russia relied on her legendary "steamroller." Though the czar's army had been repeatedly defeated and humiliated since Napoleon's age#, the large ... Russian army both bolstered the British and French morale and worried the Germans. All of these plans were w...

• Word Count: 2111
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... celebrations, but would we have a Fourth of July celebration without the invention of gunpowder? We fought the Revolutionary War when gunpowder was the only explosive known to man, yet there may not have been any of us on this continent either. The Native Americans could have easily defeated us without our rifles and we would not even be here. On a broader scope, would Napoleon have been such a great general without ... gunpowder; could he have defeated so many? Would all of the countries that split off from stronger, more powerful nations, like ... us here in the United States, be tha...

• Word Count: 1403
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... life'. In 1918 and 1919 numerous new parties were beginning to form as a result of the revolution of 1918 in Germany and the economic collapse of the German states. Hitler vowed to fight for everything against what the revolution of 1918 stood for, yet like Napoleon of the French Revolution, Hitler is a product of the 1918 revolution, and a very dangerous one at that. Hitler spook to some advisors that, "There ... must never again be and there will never be a November 1918 in Germany."" The breakthrough experience was his own discovery of his power as an orator, which took place on Febr...

• Word Count: 1693
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... machines with which it was fought" (Kirk and Young, Preface). Many new small arms were developed during World War II, the most notable being the new improvements on the machine gun. Both Axis and Allies developed scores of new weapons to meet an ever-growing demand. In World War I, it had been shown that heavy machine guns could be successful against tanks; however, "by 1939 ... anti-aircraft weapon. This potent weapon was fired like a rifle on a simple bipod mount, and was belt-fed and recoil-operated. The MG42 had a respectable maximum range of 4,000 yards, and an incredible maximum c...

• Word Count: 1913
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... is now well into its second century. Realism finds its roots in the political and economic conditions of the later half of the 19th century. The downfall of Napoleon lead to the reinstatement of oppressive political conditions in many European nations. The industrial revolution was highlighting the terrible condition of man. Huge parts of the population deserted the country side to find jobs in the city, living conditions in urban centers became more and more inadequate daily ... Theatre. His influence on European and American production methods was extensive. The name theatre of the ab...

• Word Count: 1652
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... weakness on air combat. The next big invasion is from German to Russia in 1941, it launched a quick army which was able to capture major chunks of Russia very rapidly. It started with the massive big front in the East 2,000 miles long from north to the South. However the Soviets used the Scorched Earth tactics and were able to hold the Germans off longer than expected, and like Napoleon ... declared war on the United States three days later. The Japanese benefited a great deal due to the fact that the Americans were unprepared for these deceitful actions. The day of the sneak attack on ...

• Word Count: 1584
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... thus began to fight Americans more aggressively. One of the biggest British attacks was on Washington, D.C. in August of 1814 and resulted in the White House getting burnt to the ground. On the other hand, the U.S. did prove victorious in a few battles, including the Battle of Baltimore in 1814 and the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. During the Battle of Baltimore, Francis Scott Key watched the British attack on Fort McHenry as a prisoner aboard a British ship ... , got caught in the middle of this. In an attempt to cut off supplies from reaching the enemy, both sides attempted to block t...

• Word Count: 2117
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... almost thirty. At this point in her life, she had gained much nursing experience through working in hospitals. Because of her age and her experience, Mary Louise was made the operating room supervisor with the Army's 56th Evacuation Unit. "On February 10, 1944, the heat of the battle was very hot. As she [Mary Louise Roberts] supervised several operations under way, German shrapnel started ripping thought ... their surgical tent" (Brokaw 177). It was after this event, and the courage she exemplified during it which earned her a ... , just with sexism and racism alone. This generation of...

• Word Count: 1692
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... standards, and try to prevent any other kind of depression to impinge on the United States. Roosevelt's New Deal, for the first two years, mainly concerned itself with relief. It set up shelters and soup kitchens, feeding the millions of unemployed Americans. Roosevelt felt this was the way to start economic recovery. After taking care of the unemployed Americans, Roosevelt's New Deal began to move ... 000. This program also gave work to those of a skilled profession, such as artists, writers, and actors. The WPA lasted until World War II when Roosevelt decided to cancel funding for the W...

• Word Count: 1726
• Approx Pages: 7

... . From 1912 school clinics were set up to provide free medical treatment. The 1908 children's charter protected children from cruelty. Child offenders were sent to juvenile courts and instead of being sent to prison they were placed in brostals or put on probation. Parents guilty of neglect could be fined. Before the old age pension was introduced, if old people became too weak or ill to ... work they had to go into the workhouse. This was seen as very humiliating and it was made ... for all those over 70 years old whose income was under 60p a week. This was quite an ineffective reform ...

• Word Count: 1534
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... is customary for women to participate in the workforce. How have these changes in the workplace evolved? What affected these changes? And where is it going? Under the Equal Opportunity Act 1984 it is unlawful to discriminate against people on the ground of their: sex, marital status, pregnancy, sexuality, race, physical and intellectual disability, and age. Also made unlawful are sexual harassment and ... victimisation. A key factor in the changing image of women in the workplace is advertising. This may seem unusual, but ... this is what was used in the first half of the twentieth cent...

• Word Count: 1466
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... the period of the Second World War. Though the book is an autobiography, it mainly focuses on the course of an age, a generation of his age, not a portrait of his own life. Zweig described himself an Austrian, a Jew, an author, a humanist, and a pacifist. He was forced to be a witness of the peace in Europe, the outbreak and the end of the First World War(1914-1918), and the beginning of the Second World War(1939-1945). I will demonstrate the author's perspective of the ... war history and how the autobiography is related to the world war ... ...

• Word Count: 1321
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... taste grew more expensive, instead of cheap little toys they wanted cameras, TV sets, and phonographs which were more expensive than the average toy. Teenagers were costly to parents at the time, spending currency on big appetites, on trying to look their best, the massive entertainment culture, along with homemaking products for those who got wed at an early age. The baby boom generation began to ... introduce materialism, a peril of mass culture that exists today because materialism is cycle ... that can only be stopped by a drastic event, it won't end on its own. The cycle is as that...

• Word Count: 1336
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . The trends of the first fifty years of the twentieth century remained much like those in the midst of the nineteenth century. Clothing was becoming less complex, heavy and stiff, more on the comfortable side and freedom of movement. People wore fewer coatings and layers, social etiquette and customs became more flexible, and clothing became less-occasion specific. Late Twentieth Century: 1960s-present The final years of the twentieth century were nicknamed the "Space Age,"" "Atomic Age ... - and the "Computer Age."" Nations that were damaged by the Second World War were slowly recoverin...

• Word Count: 1842
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... between them and the Soviet Union, which began the Cold War. The media added to the flames of fear and misinformation to create a hatred of communism throughout the nation. The U.S. government also took it into its hands to launch a huge propaganda to raise the Cold War scare and keep ideology the same and uniform. All of this, of course, would have a huge affect on domestic and foreign ... 1945, Hitler is dead and Europe is in shambles and in need of major reparations. America is a young nation that is on the verge of becoming a dominant country. The U.S. is relatively unscathed and los...

• Word Count: 1786
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

Age of Anxiety? Anxiety is a part of everyday life. It is the scale and proportion of the circumstance and those affected that determines the significance. It also depends on the priorities and the thresholds of the group or individual. While we have many of the same ongoing anxieties now as we did early in the twentieth century, it was the dramatic impact of an event such as WWI and the death toll that it took that created common uncertainties ... was a painting of his perception and reflection of a war, which he entitled Guernica. The presence of anxiety wasn't as potent in America most lik...

• Word Count: 1354
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... Decade to Ice Age: Sino-Japanese Relations from 1898-1919 I. Introduction The relationship between China and Japan is an important aspect of these two countries' history. From ancient times, China had long been admired, respected, emulated by Japan. However, during the first twenty years of the twentieth century, the world had witnessed a dramatic change of Sino-Japanese relations due to the shift of global balance of power. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan ... gradually emerged as a first-class nation in the world and wielded considerable political, economic, and military power. On t...

• Word Count: 1940
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , Japanese-Americans who lived on the West coast of the United States were forced from their homes to various internment camps located in the wastelands through out the Midwest. In the blink of an eye, Japanese-Americans (many of whom were United States World War One veterans) not only suffered the sudden loss of freedom, but also the detrimental loss of their humanity. The discussion presented is not a timeline of the events of World War Two regarding ... these "normal" activities that some imagined the relocation centers were like other American communities...however the barbed wire fe...

• Word Count: 1343
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... . Increasingly people wished to be distanced from such policies and looked to the communists as an alternative to the fascists. The Ideals of Communism took the focus away from nationalism as the key principle to politics. Instead class differences were central. Rule by the working class, not ethnic nationalist revolution, laid claim to political power on behalf of the population at large. This concept had profound implications for Balkan affairs ... , because it both embraced and sidestepped the tradition of nationalist revolution. Communism could allow states ... ...

• Word Count: 1973
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... turned out to be an American victory in which Truman clearly demonstrated that the United States had a permanent interest in containing the spread of communism. This interest continued throughout the Cold War age and greatly contributed to American foreign policy. The United States formed several other alliances during the early Cold War years. In 1954, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed with Britain, France, Australia, New ... ), which was a sophisticated missile defense system, served to intimidate the Soviets into resuming arms control negotiations. The alternat...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sudden war frenzy caused German society to fearlessly throw all caution to the wind; emphasizing heroism, romance, and glory on the battlefield, and losing sight of the realities of war. The summer of 1914 also marked the beginning of a four year battle that would leave over "nine million dead and over twenty million wounded" (Axelrod, 20). When the slaughter was over, four European empires had been destroyed. This great ... unknowingly, foolishly, obediently, innocently slay one another. I see that the keenest brains of the world invent weapons and words to make it yet more refined and...

• Word Count: 1787
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... not immune to the effects of the war. Many watched their older siblings; father's and relatives go off to war. The family structure changed during the war, mothers went to work, leaving the responsibility of housework and farm work to older children. Many youth quit school and went to work. The driving age dropped to fourteen so that teenage children could help out on the farm by driving ... harvest trucks (Miller, n.d). Children no longer experienced the carefree nature of being a child, having to ... grow up quickly and act more like a young adults. During the war children did their ...

• Word Count: 2120
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... to the new atomic age. The United States and the Soviet Union were in an arms race to produce nuclear weapons and finally President Truman made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan, resulting in countless causalities and serious injuries. With something as detrimental as the atomic bomb it is often hard to be the devil's advocate and see the opposite side of popular opinion. Many were against the use of the ... time after Western Europe would rely on the United States because even though the United States did not have ground troops there Europe would fall under the protection of t...

• Word Count: 1297
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... particular focus on the letters they wrote letters to their families back home. Through the wide use of letters as the key form of communicating with family and friends and the communication they had between themselves in the trenches, a myriad of words and phrases came into common use. The impact of the overseas involvement of the military on the English language was already evident by 1914, which had remarkable differences with the English of the Elizabethan age. With the war a meeting ... point of numerous nationalities and people brought together ... ...

• Word Count: 1515
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate