... . In this process an aqueous solution is the combination of hydronium ions with hydroxide ions to form water. The process of determining the concentration of a solution is called standardization and is achieved by the procedure of titration. A specific volume of a solution reacts with a standard solution of another substance where the concentration is known. The concentration of the unknown solution can then be calculated. In this ... used to show when the amount of acid equals the amount of base in the solution. It then changes color when this happens. This color change is called the "...

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• Grade Level: High School

... residue. This residue, also commonly known as scale, clogs pipes and creates buildup and plumbing fixtures. Prior understanding of water hardness may allow for saving money in the future by installing a water softening system. Scale results in replacing expensive equipment and dealing with energy inefficiencies. Water hardness can be determined by many techniques. Different methods are accurate to different degrees. A cheaper, yet less accurate ... sample is placed in each individual well and is mixed with one drop of the chemical indicator, called eriochrome black T, also commonly know...

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... second hole is plastic tubing that runs from the bottom of the Buchner flask to a Erlenmeyer flask. To the sidearm of the Buchner flask is rubber tubing that runs to a beaker filled with water. (See figure 2). Preparation of Chromium(II) Acetate Hydrate 12g mossy zinc is dissolved into a solution of 3g chromium(III) chloride and 10mL water in the Buchner flask, which is fully assembled. C. HCl ... is added slowly until the solution is pure clear blue. A solution of 18g sodium acetate in 16mL water in a Erlenmeyer flask is placed on the other end of the plastic tube. While hydrogen is be...

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... by looking inside the elements with the spectroscope to see the rainbow spectra. One person would draw what they saw and another person took a photo of the element. The 3rd person recorded the color of the element. All of this was recorded in the Gas Discharge Tube chart. To the actual spectra, everyone had to go on a website and copy and paste the element ... 's spectra. The second part of the experiment was the flame test which was the most enjoyable part for many. First, everyone made sure there Bunsen burner was on and grabbed water-soaked ... wooden splints, wooden sticks. They dip...

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... supercritical fluid carbon dioxide and somewhat soluble in water; aqueous solutions of caffeine quickly break down. Physical features: in solid form it is white in color and is prism-like crystals. It has no odor - it is odorless. Summary Of Article "Effect of Caffeine on Oxygen Consumption and Metabolic Rate in ... such and influence on oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production) and lasted for 60 minutes. With similar caloric intake in both groups during the study period of 4 weeks, weight gain in the caffeine group was less, but in the control group the weight gain was significan...

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... zinc, the penny was removed using tongs and placed in a beaker of water to clean. The penny was removed and dried with a paper towel. Using the tongs, each side of the penny was placed in the flame of the burner for several seconds and then the penny was put back in ... the water. The above procedure was repeated with a second penny. However, the stand was moved closer to the burner so that the plating process occurred in ten minutes. Results The surface of the penny that was in contact with the zinc filings changed from light brown in color ... to silver in color. ... the zinc coatin...

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... seen as three things in the earth and they are solid, liquid and gas. These three standards all have some kind of water working in them. Liquid water has a stronger impact on how the earth controls high heat and the cooled. "Liquid water hits a number and when it gets cold it goes up to 4 degrees Celsius where it reaches its maximum density" (http://vava ... _rgqx.htm). Water is helpful because it has high heat it takes a lot of kilograms to disappear away." "1 kilogram of ice at zero degrees Celsius would be enough to lower the temperature of 1 kilogram of Aluminum over 570 degrees Cels...

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... order to differentiate a physical property from a chemical property (using a candle to test our experiments). III Background Information: Physical properties are characteristics that distinguish one type of matter from another and can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Chemical properties are properties that describe how a substance changes into a new substance. IV Materials: 3 candles, 3 candle stands, ruler V Procedure: 1. We measured the ... properties is its ability to burn. Water on the other hand does not burn so water does not have the chemical property o...

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... lab was to observe a chemical reaction between copper chloride and aluminum foil. II. Materials 1 100-mL beaker 1 thermometer 1 glass stirring rod water 1 plastic spoon 1 pair of safety goggles 1 weight boat III. Procedure 1. Take a small sample of the copper chloride and put it in the weight boat. Observe the crystals and note as many details about it as possible. 2. Fill the 100-mL beaker ... foil and place into the mixture. Observe from the side for about 10 minutes and note any changes in the temperature. 5. When the reaction is complete, pour the liquid portion of the mixture into ...

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... all the elements in the Halogen family and which element is the most reactive. Materials: test tubes, 13x100-mm(4) pipet dropper test tube rack safety glasses .1 M solutions of: Hexanes NaF 3.0M NH3(aq) NaCl chlorine water NaBr NaI Ca(NO3)2 AgNO3 Procedure: Part I 1. Put 4 test tubes in test tube rack. 2. Add a different solution to each tube: NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI. 3. Add Ca ... observe and record observations. 5. Clean test tubes. 6. Repeat but instead of adding Ca(NO3)2, add AgNO3 to each solution. Part II 7. Add NaI, NaBr, NaF to 3 test tubes. 8. Add hexanes to those solutions and ob...

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... growth. For example Potassium is found as a big component in bananas. Materials Na (Sodium) K (Potassium) Water Overhead hood Gloves Goggles Procedure 1) Place all materials under over head hood 2) Turn on over head hood 3) Pour about ½ and inch of water into a container. 4) Remove a small portion of Sodium from its container and cut it into small pieces. 5) Drop the Sodium one at a time into ... the water 6) Record observations in notebook. 7) Repeat steps 3-6 with the element K (Potassium) Data/Observations Sodium is a soft white/grey ... air. When sodium reacts with air it begins t...

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... Although this model is intuitively correct, it is limited to substances that include proton and hydroxide groups. Lewis gave us the more general definition of acids and bases that we use today. According to Lewis, acids are electron pair acceptors and bases are electron pair donors. Any chemical ... reaction that can be represented as a simple exchange of valence electron pair to break and form bonds is therefore an acid-base reaction. What do you think is worse for you an ... neutral). Substances are: Acids Vinegar - an acidic acid CH3COOH Soda (coke) - acidic and carbonic acid (H2CO3...

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... of water. Mix and hold over flame until the water evaporates. Examine the residue and compare it to a fresh sample of NaCl. ! Place 5 drops of barium nitrate and 2-3 drops of sodium chromate. ! Place 5 drops of iron III chloride and add 1-3 drops of potassium thiocyanate. ! Place 5 drops of iron III chloride and add 1 or 2 drops of silver nitrate. ! Examine the nicrome wire test rod. Observe the color and the luster of ... the metal. Hold the wire in the flame of ... physical and chemical changes. Physical changes can be observed by changes in color, size, or shape. Melting, evaporating...

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... theory was that there was a deficiency in color perception, caused by discoloration of the liquid medium of the eyeball. Now this theory is no longer holds true however his concept of color blindness was recognized so greatly that "Daltonism" became a common term for color blindness. Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures of the gases in the mixture, each gas ... acting independently. All the experiments done to prove this law were used to create a theory which is gas expands as it rises in temperature. After that he proved the ...

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... and 2.5ml of water, tube 3 had 1.0ml of sucrase and 2.0ml of water, tube 4 had 1.5ml of sucrase and 1.5ml of water, and finally tube 5 had 3.0ml of sucrase and 0.0ml of water. Once all combined they sat at room temperature to allow the sucrase to act upon the sucrose. After 10 minutes 3.0ml of Benedict's solution was added to each test tube and placed in boiling water for 5 minutes. The color changes caused ... by the Benedict's solution showed the effects of the ... ...

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... other ways but these are the most common occurrences. Chemical change results in the production of new substances. Two types of substances which are very important in everyday life are acids and bases. Acids are sour, water-soluble substances which are very useful in industry, household cleaning agents, and are used in ... acid in a deadly way. A chemical change in which an acid reacts with a base is called neutralization. It is called neutralization because equal amounts of acid and base produce a solution which is neutral. Chemical changes between oxygen and other active gases can be h...

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• Grade Level: High School