... past. Several religious scholars argue that female circumcision is practiced under the mistaken belief that it is dictated by African religion. These religious leaders consider Mohammed's teachings and fables concerning female circumcision as lacking sufficient credibility (Mayer, 1995). In addition, some of these scholars interpret passages in the Qur"an to oppose female circumcision. According to Mayer (1995 ... religious courts, the tradition of female circumcision continues today in Africa. Women in these regions seem to accept female circumcision's religious origins without questio...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... The process of identifying universal custom with over 200 independent States and varying political and legal orientations is difficult and troublesome. One area of customary law that has generated debate is commercial whaling for human consumption. Proving custom amidst the backdrop of objecting nations, ineffective institutions, pirate States, coercion and no clear universal acquiescence is challenging. For ... Article 64 this duty can be discharged through direct interaction with other States or through international organisations. In choosing the latter method, a State may join a par...

• Word Count: 2621
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... .... (Gottlieb. p. 26) Furthermore, the rapidly increasing doctrine of self- determination cannot be ignored. Due to the absence now of a definitive process for acknowledging secessionist movements, many cases are still in debate. The most prevalent cases being Quebec in regards to Canada, Catalonia in regards to Spain and Tibet in regards to the People's Republic of China. Issues of self-determination are ... it was acting in part to protect the human rights of the Iraqi people against a brutal dictator (Saddam Hussein). In 2008, Russia justified its invasion of Georgia partly to norms ...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... .... (Gottlieb. p. 26) Furthermore, the rapidly increasing doctrine of self- determination cannot be ignored. Due to the absence now of a definitive process for acknowledging secessionist movements, many cases are still in debate. The most prevalent cases being Quebec in regards to Canada, Catalonia in regards to Spain and Tibet in regards to the People's Republic of China. Issues of self-determination are ... it was acting in part to protect the human rights of the Iraqi people against a brutal dictator (Saddam Hussein). In 2008, Russia justified its invasion of Georgia partly to norms ...

• Word Count: 2503
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , employment and travel documents. This remained the case until 1938 when the same type of convention was drafted for the German and Austrian refugees. This time, it is called "Convention Concerning the Status of Refugees." Coming From Germany, 1938'. Still, this received limited support as it never saw the light of the day in terms of ratification. These innovations from the ... huge financial commitments made the United States of America to begin to think of a replacement organization for the IRO. The UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) There was serious debate in the...

• Word Count: 4488
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... this has played a role in shaping everything from more rules at airports, to the call for more gun-control laws. There is a challenge on several fronts in the gun-control debate because the right to bear arms is being challenged by the fact that the United Nations is looking to fight terrorism and, to them, that involves the prohibition of gun ... must stay "in-house." Much of the information that they know is the government's property and there can be serious consequences. The information that these officers are given concerning these terrorist strategy is to only protect and be proper...

• Word Count: 3196
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography

... global effort in addressing refugee crises with the formation of The High Commissioner for Refugees. The situation only improved further in 1933 when the League of Nations adopted the Convention concerning the Status of Refugees. This agreement introduced the notion that signatory states were required not to expel legitimate refugees from their territories and to avoid "non-admittance [of refugees] at ... key issues that were before open to interpretation by individual host states. Firstly, and most important, in article 1 it defined exactly who a refugee is. Prior to this, there was se...

• Word Count: 3604
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... which international relations would be moderated for the next half century and then some. As the United Nations has grown, other organizations have taken its model of openness, cooperation and debate and employed its tactics towards their own purposes of regional stability. One of the first organizations to employ the larger goals of the United Nations in a more regional-specific environment ... monitor agriculture, rural development, the environment, employment, social affairs, and citizenship among many other things. Its progress is remarkable; "the treaty of Rome contained a minimal ...

• Word Count: 2668
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Graduate