... really have a geographical origin in the white, rural pre-Civil War South" (Booknotes, 1989). Butterfield uses the Bosket's family as a case study to illustrate his thesis about the transmission of violence from the South. Summary The blacks in the south had adapted the Scott-Irish culture in which ... born a slave, and purchased and sold at a young age. Aaron and his family were sold about three or four times until they were purchased by a slave owner by the name of Bosket, that's when they received their surname Bosket. Aaron Bosket wanted his own land and to become a share cropper with...

• Word Count: 3198
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... were intentional biases of the prosecutors in all four cases. " One of the cases was tried by itself and then the other three were tried together. Judge Weeks used a statistical study that was done by the Michigan State University College of Law. The study that was done by the Michigan State University College of Law showed that there was a racial bias in removing African Americans ... male that had a criminal record for being a marijuana dealer. The ironic thing is that in the prosecutors' notes for this juror they wrote that he was a "fine guy. " The only fine thing about him was the ...

• Word Count: 2866
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... The conventional wisdom, of course, holds that such prohibition will reduce teen smoking. All fifty states prohibit cigarette sales to minors, but a study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine (Rigotti and others 1997) finds that such laws are rarely enforced. To determine whether stronger enforcement ... - sible to determine whether the enforcement efforts or the general decline caused the outcome reported. The findings of the later, more careful study by Rigotti and others (1997) strongly suggest that the general decline of teen smoking occurring at the time of the earlier stu...

• Word Count: 3739
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... in the Prison Journal in 1997 stated that, "Although more than 69,000 New Yorkers currently reside in one of the 69 correctional facilities operated by the New York State Department of Correctional Services (DOCS), little information is kept regarding crimes committed in prison." As a result of this lack ... they are not occurring. As a matter of fact, that Human Rights Watch report previously mentioned notes that, "Indeed, it has been estimated that as many as 70 percent of inmates are assaulted by other inmates each year." While this number may not be exact or accurate, the idea ... u...

• Word Count: 4535
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography

... death sentenced offenders were Anglo women compared with 62 percent among the prison sentenced-cases- (Marquart 65). The noticeable inequality can be explained by a predominately white jury's tendency to sympathize with white victims rather than with black victims. The numbers suggest that the jurors' biases may ... frontier mentality can be seen not only in its attitude but also in its firm legislation and poor legal representation. Dr. Halperin notes, "The 5th Circuit of the Federal Court of Appeals is strongly pro-death penalty, and hence places extremely few roadblocks to executions ...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... intelligence factors. Because of this, it becomes difficult to understand the definition of one being mentally ill or mentally retarded as being defined by only one type of test. This creates the problem of acknowledging the conditions of mental retardation and mental illness, where the levels of ... standardized, and this indicates that there are serious difficulties in evaluating the exact specifics of how a human being is mentally impaired. As one source notes: "For the issue of mental retardation, though, is not simply an issue of IQ that indicates that there is a degree of impairme...

• Word Count: 5114
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... substantial evidence of guilt. Bedau & Radelet, both opponents, "consistently presented incomplete and misleading accounts of the evidence." (Markman, Stephen J. & Cassell, Paul G., "Protecting the Innocent: A Response to the Bedau-Radelet Study" 41, 1 Stanford Law Review, 11/88). The remaining 11 cases represent 0.14% of the 7,800 executions, which have taken place since 1900. And, there is, in fact, no proof that ... eloquently about the extraordinary rarity of error in capital punishment." ("Innocents on Death Row?- National Review, September 12, 1994). Another significant oversight b...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... bargaining[Dev11]. Nevertheless, researchers have found several reasons that individuals might accept a plea bargain including pressure from the prosecutor, indirect and direct pressure, and likelihood of conviction. For example, a study conducted by Bordens and Bassett was a quantitative assessment of circumstances in which people would take a plea bargain[Bor851]. In order to conduct their research they interviewed a total number of 67 males and ... 62 females who recently had felony charges in their record and agreed to accept a plea bargain. The participants in the study were between...

• Word Count: 3937
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... motive type, the thrill killer and the lust killer, Baumeister fits the last category. The lust killer, the most common type, gets turned on by the killings. They usually torture their victims. The more heinous their action the more they become aroused. He killed because it gave him pleasure and ... killers he took out his frustration on his victims. In Baumeister's case this was due to a loss of employment and financial stress brought on by the decline of the Sav-A-Lot stores. Facilitators, such as alcohol and drugs, seem to have served as accessories to Herb's crimes. Tony Harris ......

• Word Count: 2582
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... data available to prove that these facilities are reducing the chances of an offender repeating his criminal activity, boot camps are becoming more popular. The Social Science Journal states in a study done by Brewer, that regardless of the data, or actual lack of data, Texas went ahead and approved eighteen proposals for boot camp facilities (Tyler, Darville, Stalnaker 446). Despite the ... everyone, that is why there needs to be choices. Another necessary change within the juvenile justice system is that the system needs to acknowledge patterns among the juvenile offenders. In a study...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to all issues of school discipline, violent infractions made up for just a small fraction of incidents reported by schools, finding no statistical significance to support the idea that violence was and more prevalent than in previous years (Costenbader & Markson, 1998). In 2004, a study conducted by the U.S. Departments of Education and Justice similarly looked at indicators of school crime and safety. The ... study analyzed data collected over a ten-year period from 1993-2003, documenting reports of violence in public high schools in the United ... tolerance policies and the use of alt...

• Word Count: 4044
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... idea that certain juvenile offenders can, and do, sometimes commit such heinous criminal acts that they should be subjected to criminal adult court. "By the mid-1980s, nearly all states had judicial waiver laws, 20 states had automatic transfer laws, and 7 had prosecutorial discretion laws." [Off11 ... Those are the three different types of waivers that are still around today. The judicial waiver allows "juvenile courts to waive jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis, opening the way for criminal prosecution. A case that is subject to waiver is filed originally in juvenile court but may b...

• Word Count: 3373
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... perceptions on the public. The common thought is that playing violent video games gives people, especially youths, the propensity to commit delinquent acts of violence. The study by Ferguson and Olson (2014) did an intensive study on the aggression and delinquency in videogames with youths already problematic symptoms and found that, "violent video games were associated with neither delinquent criminality nor bullying ... or attention deficit symptoms" (p.132). These results are just one of many that oppose the idea that violence in video games cause violence in those who play them. Anot...

• Word Count: 2700
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... higher than in traditional courts, cases were concluded quicker than in traditional courts and the rate of case disposition at arraignment was higher than in traditional courts (Casey 2005) "A case study of a Salt Lake County court, located in Salt Lake City, Utah, explored, in detail, professional stakeholders' perceptions of how a domestic violence court operates similarly and differently from the rationalized ... years due to funding, therefore we are seeing more and more mentally ill people in the justice system because they do not have anywhere else to go (Burns 2010). A study con...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Phase one begins four months of shock incarceration. During this period, an extensive training program begins based upon a thorough needs assessment profile (Dale, 94). The profile includes evaluations by mental health counselors, including a review of educational records, specific needs, legal obligations, family relationships, physical health, and religious affiliation (Dale, 94). At the same time, the ... Two programs stand out particularly in men's correctional boot camps. They are Louisiana's About Face Program, and New York's Shock Incarceration Program. The About Face Program is...

• Word Count: 2795
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... this sub-group of homicide perpetrators including: physical and psychological abuse, neglect, and violent fantasy creations. These conclusions tend to dominate the study of serial murder and its creation, often neglecting other possible contributions. This data brings up the question then of why only a handful ... of psychological abuse in the home at the hands of their parents and almost were exposed to physical abuse. These numbers found by the FBI study would appear to bolster the common social (mis)conception of bad home environments creating or at least contributing to future beha...

• Word Count: 5564
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... penalty argue that there is no deterrent effect. However, there are a number of studies that indicate that the contrary is true. A study by W. Bailey of the period from 1967-68 showed a deterrent effect in twenty-seven states ("Justice For All" 5). A later study by him showed a deterrent effect in twenty-five states ("Justice For All" 5). During the moratorium on Capital punishment in the United States ... , murder increased by one hundred percent ("Justice For All" 5). A review of the fourteen nations who abolished the death penalty showed that the ... " 6). All of these studies indicate...

• Word Count: 4548
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... parents about contributing factors and warning signs. According to Lipsey, Wilson and Cothern (2000), there were several treatment modalities that demonstrated positive effects. This study observed consistent, positive effects among non-institutionalized juvenile offenders through the employment of individual counseling, improvement of interpersonal skills (including problem solving, role taking and ... from outside sources as would white parents. The Georgia study also found that judges" decisions were influenced strongly by the absence of an attorney or representation by a public defen...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... [which are] violations of laws prohibiting or regulating the possession, use, distribution or manufacture of illegal drugs, [d]rug related offenses, to which a drug's pharmacologic effects contribute; offenses motivated by the user's need for money to support continued use; and offenses connected to drug distribution itself [and the] [d]rug using lifestyle, a lifestyle in which the likelihood and frequency of ... with] more than [nine] times likely to be arrested and booked on assault charge[s]" (ONDCP 2000). Where punishment often fails, appropriate and high-quality drug treatment ofte...

• Word Count: 2815
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... penalty argue that there is no deterrent effect. However, there are a number of studies that indicate that the contrary is true. A study by W. Bailey of the period from 1967-68 showed a deterrent effect in twenty-seven states ("Justice For All" 5). A later study by him showed a deterrent effect in twenty-five states ("Justice For All" 5). During the moratorium on Capital punishment in the United States ... , murder increased by one hundred percent ("Justice For All" 5). A review of the fourteen nations who abolished the death penalty showed that the ... " 6). All of these studies indicate...

• Word Count: 3831
• Approx Pages: 15

... Georges (1978: 2), the geography of crime involves methods and theoretical foundations that make this research different from other approaches that study violence and corruption. The importance of this type of social science focus is that is associates the practice of anti-social ... a useful assessment of the aspects of violence. During the nineteenth century, government officials and researchers used crime maps to effectively study violence. These manually produced maps showed the reality that patterns of violence were unevenly spread across European regions; France and the ... by U.S....

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... government, prisoners are expected to follow the laws of the correctional system as well. As prisoners they forfeit many of their constitutional rights. A prison can be seen as a society ruled by a totalitarian government. In Colin Goff's book "Criminal Justice: in Canada" it states that prison is seen as a total institution. The book also states that total institutions have four distinct elements ... tension and perceived threat that is already involved with being in prison. These sub- cultures are what make the initial entrance into prison so difficult. Entrance into prison is followe...

• Word Count: 3832
• Approx Pages: 15

... not much incentive for a lawyer to spend a great deal of time representing a capital defendant. When you compare this to the prosecution, " aided by the police, other law enforcement agencies, crime labs, state mental hospitals, various other scientific resources, prosecutors experienced in successfully handling capital cases, compulsory process, ... death penalty sentences in Georgia were racially biased related to the race of the victim. The court ruled against McClesky who was executed by electrocution in 1991, ruling that racial disparities in the death penalty were not a violation of...

• Word Count: 2831
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the death penalty is indeed unethical in that it infringes on constitutional guarantee of equal protection. According to the article, data released by the U.S. Department of Justice suggests that capital punishment system is indeed racist. "Of the 682 defendants facing capital charges in federal cases ... evidence has made it clear that too often the courts convict innocent people. Thirteen exonerations of people sentenced to death in Illinois - including three provoked by a journalism class at Northwestern University - prompted Governor George Ryan, a Republican, to declare a moratorium...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was to reduce the availability of firearms, on the assumption that there is a "positive relationship between availability and use". In Robert J. Mundt's study, when compared with the United States, trends in Canada over the past ten years in various types of violent crime, suicide, and accidental death ... results, "and few suggestions of perceptible effects of the 1977 Canadian gun control legislation". The only positive effect , Mundt, found in the study was the decrease in the use of firearms in robbery with comparion to trends in the United States . Informed law enforcement officer...

• Word Count: 2619
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School