... to choose ones sexuality freely. Since this common law reform, the Australian government introduced reforms to try to provide same sex couples equal opportunities through law reforms in 2008. In 2008 the Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – General Law Reform) Act, generated multiple federal law reforms that have removed discriminate laws by amending/extending ... number of superannuation benefits such as: Superannuation contribution splitting Superannuation spouse tax offsets Superannuation death transfer Superannuation division in relationship breakdown This...

• Word Count: 1344
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the Commonwealth. A decision in the High Court that favours the Federal government is seen as a win for Canberra at the expense of the States. Conversely, a win for a State government is seen as a victory for the Federal balance. When decisions are made articulating new common law principles the decision is analysed in terms of its impact upon all ... override the racially discriminative legislation of the Queensland government, even though the Commonwealth was given no such direct power anywhere in the Constitution. Because the Racial Discrimination Act had been legislated to fulfill th...

• Word Count: 1774
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for a child within its mother's womb, and when is a baby viable? This is the problem that desperately needs to be addressed by the Australian government. It is questionable as to whether abortion is essentially an issue of law or one of morals and ethics. Historically religious beliefs have coloured the legal opinion on abortion. However, now, many countries are finding it necessary ... cases involving prosecution of doctors under the Queensland laws that criminalize abortion since 1986. Socially, the justification for the laws regarding abortion in Australia is perhaps unknown. How can...

• Word Count: 1872
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Case (1983) and Mabo (1993). In Tasmanian Dams case (1983) section 51(29) external affairs allowed the Commonwealth to stop the Tasmanian Government from building a dam inside a world heritage area. The Commonwealth had previously signed an international treaty nominating this area for world heritage listing. Hence ... through section 51(29) the Tasmanian Government was unable to touch the land in which they had intended on. Mabo case (1993) is one of the most evident case involving Common Law and implied rights. The High Court upheld that section 51(31) ... land": and b) Ministers could...

• Word Count: 1458
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the basic structures and principles underwriting our democratic society. These are the Constitution, Parliamentary democracy, freedom of speech and religion, English as the national language, the rule of law, acceptance and equality. The Government's aim is to build on our success as a culturally diverse, accepting and open society, united through a shared future, and a commitment to our nation, its democratic ... institutions and values, and the rule of law. This vision is reflected in the four principles that underpin multicultural policy: Responsibilities of all - all Australians hav...

• Word Count: 1407
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... countries legal system was based. Australia, being a democratic society, employs the concept of the rule of law, which is equally applicable to both citizens and governments alike. Exceptions to the rule of law that Australia has made in relation to asylum seekers has exempted the nations government from taking responsibility for its harsh actions whilst denying asylum seekers protection from the abuse of ... seems to be a major determinate in not only the creation of a xenophobic public opinion but also in the re-election of misleading governments. In the 2001 election campaign the fed...

• Word Count: 1262
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Graduate

... trauma and disadvantages that have plague the Indigenous people of Australia for far too long. This paper will define crime, criminality and colonialism, explore the history of British law and how this has impacted on Indigenous Australians, the present relationship between criminalisation of Indigenous Australians, police and the justice system, rates of incarceration, and how Indigenous Australians ... As (Behrendt, Cunneen and Libesman, 2009, p.114) detail, "it is important to consider a more in depth process of criminalisation of Indigenous Australians through policing and criminal l...

• Word Count: 2489
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... over native title. In the Federal Court of Australia the Wik people took action against the State of Queensland and the Commonwealth government claiming native title of land and water in northern Queensland. The Court found that Queensland pastoral leases had been created to meet ... Furthermore, the State had entered into mining leases in the period between 1995 and the Wik decision thus creating upheaval and conflict between the government, mining corporations and the Aboriginal land rights plaintiffs. Twelve months after the Mabo judgement the Native Title Act (1993) was passed. ......

• Word Count: 1393
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... In 1971, Blackburn J decided that certain Aboriginal clans in the Gove Peninsula area of the Northern Territory had a legally recognisably system of law, a 'subtle and elaborate system highly adapted to the country in which the people led their lives, which provided a stable order of ... society and was remarkably free from the vagaries of personal whim or influence...a government of laws, and not of men'. British colonisation and sovereignty British claims of sovereignty were made over different parts of Australia between 1788 ... those created or recognised by the laws of the Common...

• Word Count: 2257
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... recognisable relationship was marriage involving members of the opposite sex. As social trends begin to move toward alternate family arrangements and as the nuclear family ideal begin to fade, the law must alter to accommodate changing trends. The De Facto Relationships Act 1984 (NSW) paved the way for protection and recognition among many alternate family arrangements by recognising that a couple ... discriminated against them. One alternate family arrangement that many believe has been discriminated against is same sex couples, which were not recognised by the law until 1999 when the ...

• Word Count: 1440
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1850s, many tribes were on the point of extinction, others were already extinct _ Aboriginal identity and self- esteem difficult to maintain _ complex religious and cultural practises broke down _ tribal law and authority break down _ eg, Kevin Gilbert in his book Living Black, "Aboriginal Australia underwent a rape of the soul so profound that the blight continues in the minds of ... methods is sometimes compensation for loss of land in the past _ clash with mining companies Native Title " a term used by the Australian high court to describe the common law rights and interests of Abori...

• Word Count: 2422
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: High School

... affairs have been based on the premise of a shared responsibility between Australia's various governments. The referendum initiated a national effort to raise the status of Indigenous people within Australia. Special government programs were introduced. "In 1972 a separate Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs was established. In 1987 the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission replaced it". ( http://www.atsic.gov ... /previous_annual_reports/annual_report_1994_95/chap1.asp) "ATSIC has a substantial voice and input into Government policies affecting not only Aboriginal pe...

• Word Count: 1438
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... federation could bring about a customs agreement which would serve all colonies. Matters of common interest such as railway gauges and postal and telegraph services could also benefit from central government authority. Immigration was another matter where cooperation was needed. Thousands of Chinese were coming to Australia in search for gold. Australians were afraid that cheap Chinese labor would lower ... that this could not be achieved without a union of the colonies and he proposed that the colonial parliaments appoint a convention of leading men to " . devise the Constitution for a f...

• Word Count: 1831
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to further their own anti-gun agenda, there are many falsities which must be dispelled. The fact remains that increased gun laws will only prevent the law abiding citizens from owning a firearm the criminals will still have access to them. So then, one must ask themselves, how will I protect my family ... is unfounded and most certainly untrue. The fact is there are thousands of federal, state and local gun laws. In 1968, The Gun Control Act (Public Law 90-618, 18 U.S.C. Chapter 44) prohibits anyone convicted of, or under indictment for a felony which could be punishable for more than a y...

• Word Count: 1389
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... recent terrorist attacks in the world (September 11th, and suicide bombers) there has been an increase in the fear from the people. Even the government has stated this. "Within 48 hours of the attacks in the united States, Defence Minister Peter Reith was warning that the unauthorized arrival of boats ... by Peter Mares, Pacific Solution) As soon as the events occurred there was a direct hatred by some towards the middle-eastern countries. The Australian government can account for some of their emotions and actions that were felt after the attacks from the terrorists with the Muslim back...

• Word Count: 1601
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as many advantages to disadvantages of legalizing cannabis in Australia. Some advantages to legalising cannabis would be that it would benefit the country and government, as they would make money on tax, which would benefit the economy. Similar to the higher tax on alcohol, if cannabis was to ... , 1994). Advantage of legalizing cannabis would mean that the money spent for law enforcement of illicit drugs mean that it could be put to other harmful drugs in society such as heroin or the government could use the money to create education programs about how to use the ... Disadvantages on l...

• Word Count: 1287
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... limits, America's youth continue to drink at alarming rates. There are many debates on this subject, some argue that the Drinking Age Law has been effective on our youth, while others argue that no matter what measures are taken to prevent underage drinking, teens will continue to ... minors is ever increasing. In order to understand this issue better, lets look into the history of underage drinking. The push for a drinking age law truly started back before prohibition. There was a widespread movement advocating selective prohibition (a minimum drinking age). This was used as a major ste...

• Word Count: 1570
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... , however the relationship soured further when sailors and convicts began stealing weapons and artifacts. Soon there were a number of instances of convicts being speared. To show that British law had replaced dreamtime law Governor Philip ordered the offending Aborigines to be arrested, but the culprits could not be found. After many more confrontations and some violent clashes, it was decided to keep ... common at the time. Although the Aborigines put up a strong resistance to the British, their traditional weapons were no match for European firearms. The introduction of their own syste...

• Word Count: 1494
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... , however the relationship soured further when sailors and convicts began stealing weapons and artifacts. Soon there were a number of instances of convicts being speared. To show that British law had replaced dreamtime law Governor Philip ordered the offending Aborigines to be arrested, but the culprits could not be found. After many more confrontations and some violent clashes, it was decided to keep ... common at the time. Although the Aborigines put up a strong resistance to the British, their traditional weapons were no match for European firearms. The introduction of their own syste...

• Word Count: 1486
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... formed violent groups against the Aborigines, they often killed Aboriginal women and children. There was also a group of men in an unofficial law enforcement called the Native Police, these men would regularly ride out on horseback to the edges of the settlement to kill Aborigines. Captain ... beginning with Van Diemen's Land in 1825, Western Australian in 1827, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859. The law in all the colonies was based on the laws of England. To assist governing the colonies legislative councils were established. A supreme court was ... Au...

• Word Count: 1376
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... some preferring to retain cultural significance and others looking towards financial stability to assist in aboriginal welfare (Browne, Theobald, Weston, 2006). Again western culture impedes the natural law system of Aboriginal belief and ignores the pattern thinking of Indigenous heritage. This clash of beliefs between Western and Indigenous Australians goes further. Many other differences are apparent, ... and with western law and politics overseeing the rule of Australia it has created many difficulties for Indigenous Australians in education, cultural understanding, and general life...

• Word Count: 2069
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... such warnings of the impending changes. Thus, Murdoch and Packer could ready themselves, financially, for the new regulations. However, Keating has argued that the Fairfax's downfall was mismanagement rather than government conspiracy. (Henningham, J. 1991; 267-268) Seeing the amount of power and influence these individuals can create, it is easy to realise that Littlemore was correct when he said, "The ... , anti-cultural, anti-democratic and anti-minority." (1996; 146-147) The Need for Tight Regulations Often, media owners will question the regulations that restrict their industry. Th...

• Word Count: 2440
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the economy, in equilibrium, a nations output, income and employment are determined by the level of aggregate demand or expenditure. Aggregate demand represents the sum of aggregate consumption, investment, net government spending (G-T) and net exports (X-M), the equation would be as follows AD = C + I + G + (X-M). The components of aggregate demand include the Consumption function, which has two components, one autonomous ... autonomous import expenditure, and m is the marginal propensity to import. Expenditures which add to the circular flow of expenditure and income are referred t...

• Word Count: 2293
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... training our own youth and our skilled labour remains unemployed. Yet both Liberal and Labour regard importing skilled migrants as the way to increase the labour market! DEFENCE The 1987 government policy paper on the defence of Australia stated, "no population increase is necessary for defence". Today's defence needs require a strong economy and sophisticated, expensive military infrastructure. We need ... real jobs. The preferential admission of children of migrants to universities under the unfair LOTE (Language Other Than English) bonus ensures Australian children will be disadvanta...

• Word Count: 2083
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... budget, and when a business firms have retained profit. The consumers save because they are preparing for future needs or they want 100% security of their money. Savings occur in government when there is a surplus exists in budget (surplus budget). The business firms save in order to give returns on investment (eg. Dividends) The factors that may influence consumers" ... likely case the fall on the share price. This may be influenced by level of income, the changes of some prices on goods and services, economic growth, business firms activities, government regulations, consumers tastes...

• Word Count: 1435
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School