The Life and Death of Détente: Nixon, Carter, and Reagan, 1968-1988 "If we can learn to live together on these issues and work together and negotiate on these we may change the world. In the end, what it has to do with is the survival of the United ... . Humanity had reached its most destructive potential since the dawn of civilization. The ensuing chess match between the two superpowers would consume the better part of the next 30 years, and it would take a handful of men, brilliant, sometimes arrogant, accompanied by courageous leadership and ... Vietnam however, challenged that presum...

• Word Count: 3059
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... archetype with particular qualities that became idealized for all Soviet citizens. Leon Trotsky claimed, "Man will make it his purpose to master his own feelings, to raise his instincts to the height of consciousto create a higher social biologic type a superman." The New Soviet citizen upheld a Nietzschean-like disposition ... in Dasha, another aspect of the ideal Soviet person is the ability to be selflessly devoted to the greater cause of communism. The New Soviet should be able to sacrifice personal aspects of his or her life in order to further fuel the proletariat spirit with the ...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... threat to Stalin can be shown by Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev forming a "troika- against him. There were many influences on the power for struggle that largely started after Lenin's death, although it had been in existence whilst he was still alive. It appears that during his life Lenin ... had purposefully set out so that there was no clear member of the party to follow in his footsteps, hence creating a "collective leadership-. Amongst many other factors, those which primarily contributed to the power struggle were: the ban on ... , "Lenintsy- were uneducated, young, and inexperienced...

• Word Count: 3761
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• Grade Level: High School

... named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and Stalin was 39. Nadya produced two more children for Stalin; Vasily (a son), born in 1921, ... to scientists and philosophers and continued until after Stalin's death in 1953. Stalin increased the size of the Kremlin bureaucracy: commissariats, commissions, and committees regimented and disciplined every area of society and economy. He also abandoned Lenin's idea of equal wages and claimed socialist society allowed wage differenti...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of the disaster. Shortly thereafter, on November 8, 1932, Nadezhda shot herself. It was the end of any trace of "normal" family life for Stalin, and witnesses saw tears in his eyes at her funeral--the only report that we have of the great dictator crying. Meanwhile ... paved the way for these states' outright annexation to the U.S.S.R. the following year. The Soviets applied similar pressure to Finland, which had been a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Tsars; but the Finns resisted, however, and in November of 39 Stalin ordered an invasion. He expected a quick, ... the conflict, now ha...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and Stalin was 39. Nadya produced two more children for Stalin; Vasily (a son), born in 1921, ... to scientists and philosophers and continued until after Stalin's death in 1953. Stalin increased the size of the Kremlin bureaucracy: commissariats, commissions, and committees regimented and disciplined every area of society and economy. He also abandoned Lenin's idea of equal wages and claimed socialist society allowed wage differenti...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... country has been. First, Cuba's environmental record must be assessed, so as to determine whether or not the communist and environmentalist ideals meet and complement each other. It would appear that they have indeed met, for Fidel Castro himself has said: "Make human life more rational. Build a just international order. Use all science for a more ... , excessive intensification, dependence on external inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, animal feed concentrates, machinery, irrigation equipment), large scale deforestation, salinization, erosion, compaction, fertility loss of soil, heavy rura...

• Word Count: 3463
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Graduate

... the religious type of Jewish and the language they indulged in was majorly a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian. He was very active in his childhood and youth stages in early life. In his childhood, he was quite arrogant and so he had very few friends in school. Even so he was an intellectual in all his school activities. When young, Leon ... , the industrial revolution did not come in uniformly and neither did it move swiftly compared to the other countries like the Britain and this forced the peasants to migrate into the rapidly developing towns and cities in order to seek employment. Th...

• Word Count: 3845
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... charismatic American culture was not only refreshing, but also gave them a new sense of freedom.36 Rid of their fascist leader they were now ready to embark on new freedom and a better life which was shown repeatedly by these Americans who through their exceptionalism embodied the freedom desired by the Germans. The German people got caught up in their lifestyle and ideology which ... the new ideology. A survey taken by the State Department showed that 80% of Americans supported sending troops into Korea.39 Americans generally interpreted events in the mindset of exceptionalism as their...

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... the Massai, or the peasants in the Andes, understand what nuclear weapons are, and the danger to their lives? How can one help a factory worker in Europe or America understand the links between the price of coffee he drinks, and famine in Bangladesh or Ethiopia?-39 Although the United Nations is without a doubt ineffective in solving international disputes, its future is not ... U.N who argue that the organization may become too powerful, "is an absurdity born of ignorance.""46 Also, it is a "school in which the world is learning and will continue to learn, a better way to manage its aff...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... five-year plans was the removal of the Nepmen and small businesses as well as privately owned shops, which were forced into collectives. This helped in turn to spread the state power through the urban economy making sure that the NEP or capitalism wouldn't be easily recreated. In the factories, a campaign against the bourgeois experts' who kept their positions because of their ... the extent of the damage done by the policy, and it is true that by abusing the peasants, Stalin gained solved the manpower problems in industry as peasants rushed to fill the better paid jobs in the cities. H...

• Word Count: 5589
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ideological motives. The Russian dictator felt that industrialisation was the only fully reliable means of developing a Socialist economy. Capitalism was ingrained in the huge agricultural sector and to eradicate it, he would use peasants to subsidise industrial development and create a large urban proletariat. The Soviet view of the industrial achievements of Y. Kukushkin shows that because of the ideological reasons that motivated Stalin ... one for Trotsky, although some historians say that he was "paranoiac". Therefore, this argument seems the least plausible with the ideology motive....

• Word Count: 2709
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... more devoted for the causes of the local peoples. A major chunk of the nationalists were composed of the rebels. Other major components of the nationalists were made up of the urban workers which were most involved in the agriculture sector and many of them also came from the middle class that was pretty much educated. On the other side, we had ... both sides. Therefore, the book does an excellent job in presenting the information in a well packaged, detailed and informative manner that is well understood by readers from all walks of life. By reading this book, my understanding of the e...

• Word Count: 3751
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that if they take care of the German people from cradle to grave that they would not have to worriers about the necessities of life because they would be provided for. This also made all Russians equals and that no one is better than anyone else. So in the long run it made ... like this. They did not like the fact that Germany was starting to reunify. Also the Russians opposed any government run by any western powers and took many measures to prevent this new government from staying in power (Prittie 38-39). On June 24, 1948 the Soviets shut down the "service on ... problems in Germany....

• Word Count: 4105
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... land was divided the Soviet Union controlled East Germany. Just like the Soviet Union, the economy in East Germany was struggling to get back on its feet after the war. While West Berlin became a lively urban area like many American cities, East Berlin became what many thought of as a "Mini-Moscow". In East Germany there ... that represented the thinking of a determined Communist system. Western Capitalism, who was more powerful, eventually defeated the system. The struggle between these two political poles exists to this day. During the time of the cold war East Germany went through man...

• Word Count: 2635
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... . No private enterprise was allowed. There was a collectivisation of agriculture. The Communist Party invaded and controlled every aspect of political, social, cultural and economic life. It was a totalitarian state with complete Communist control over all facets of life. In the early years, and up until Gorbachev's "new regime-, the use of force and terror as a means of maintaining control was widespread. The ... sharp increases in the prices of butter and meat. (22) Food riots were forcibly quelled by the shooting of seventy unarmed demonstrators in 1962. (23) Industry was not faring a...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... . No private enterprise was allowed. There was a collectivisation of agriculture. The Communist Party invaded and controlled every aspect of political, social, cultural and economic life. It was a totalitarian state with complete Communist control over all facets of life. In the early years, and up until Gorbachev's "new regime-, the use of force and terror as a means of maintaining control was widespread. The ... sharp increases in the prices of butter and meat. (22) Food riots were forcibly quelled by the shooting of seventy unarmed demonstrators in 1962. (23) Industry was not faring a...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... . No private enterprise was allowed. There was a collectivisation of agriculture. The Communist Party invaded and controlled every aspect of political, social, cultural and economic life. It was a totalitarian state with complete Communist control over all facets of life. In the early years, and up until Gorbachev's "new regime-, the use of force and terror as a means of maintaining control was widespread. The ... sharp increases in the prices of butter and meat. (22) Food riots were forcibly quelled by the shooting of seventy unarmed demonstrators in 1962. (23) Industry was not faring a...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... United States, and with it came tens of thousands of U.S. military personnel. Joining the military advisors came thousands more civilian contractors, engaged on various industrial and social programmes designed to usher a deeply traditional society into the twentieth century at breakneck speed. The strong commercial and military ties remained unchanged under the Carter administration. Despite rumblings from Congress, and ... ; his authority rested on coercion rather persuasion. To illustrate the levels of repression, and the paranoia of the Shah, even plays such as Macbeth and Hamlet wer...

• Word Count: 2854
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a homeland for Soviet Jews would develop a Yiddish culture rooted in socialist principals (24). The early years of settling Jews in Birobidzhan had relatively little success in attracting any population to the area despite strong government incentives. Interested migrants and their families were offered almost completely free travel and food subsidies (25). Early problems with settlers in the years 1928-1929 ... reasons. It seems clear by the late 1930's that the government wanted a quickened process of a common socialist culture, with Russian culture as its leader (39). This could expla...

• Word Count: 3032
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... where the Communist take-over was well on its way. "I have never been talked to like that in my life," said Molotov furiously. "Carry out your agreements" responded Truman, "and you won't get talked to like that." The Soviets now understood that the era of wartime collaboration was over. Both ... All across the world sizeable elements were seriously considering the virtues of communism, for few wanted a return to the failed capitalism of the pre-war era." (Isaacs & Downing, Transworld Publishers, 1998. Pg. 39) As the great depression was classed as a cause of World War II and as the depre...

• Word Count: 3123
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• Grade Level: High School

... for a long time. He had total control over the population, which meant that his plans would be easier to bring to life. He believed that machine building, and petrochemical industries, where the most important industries that Romania had to focus . People worked day and night to satisfy Ceausescu's plans and they were not paid sufficiently. A policy of systemization was also proposed . In ... this policy rural population had to move to larger urban centres. Ceausescu promoted industrial labor and took away some farmers from their land to ... same situation held true for the writers who ...

• Word Count: 2728
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... lack of natural resources, labour and local factor conditions; an inability to realize economies of scale due to a small markets; limited financial funds and R&D capabilities, etc. On the other hand, strengths of small countries include: more easily achieved social (cultural and religious) cohesion, better implemented policies and more stable system; absence of responsibility for the ... international order which might be costly to large states; stronger and swifter adjustment capability; better possibilities specialization; computerization and telecommunications which are relatively mor...

• Word Count: 3602
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... working towards a similar goal in order to bring an end to the Cold War. And so ended the 1970s. Brezhnev and the Soviet Union preparing attempting to help the transition from capitalism to socialism while at the same time preventing the Western nations from deterring the change, while the Americans under Carter looked to upgrade their policy of containment to better hold the advancing Soviet presence in ... the world. The 1980s brought a new face to the American presidency and a new look to the Cold War. Ronald Reagan increased defense spending greatly, spurring an arms race of unparal...

• Word Count: 3267
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of warfare. Mass uprisings, revolutionary methods, guerilla bands everywhere; such are the only means by which a small nation can hope to maintain itself against an adversary superior in numbers and equipment. By their use a weaker force can overcome its stronger and better organized opponent" (Miksche 25). A quote from the godfather of Communism Karl Marx captures the ideal theme behind Partisan Warfare. Marx ... realized that any mass of people, without coordination, could fight on a common front against an enemy with superior organization and communication. It is this concept that ap...

• Word Count: 2793
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate