... Republic. A central goal of the rebels was the destruction of left-wing organisations. Franco's fellow officer, General Queipo de Llano, instructed his subordinates on how to treat the 'Bolshevik' activist with this chilling sentence: 'I authorise you to kill him like a dog and you will be free of all responsibility'. Attitudes such as this made the war a terrible tragedy: before its end, in April ... 1939, 325,000 had died in battle and from disease(Paz). Historians estimate that Francoists executed at least 150,000 during and after the war. (Spanish). The ... had been developing its ...

• Word Count: 3763
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with particular qualities that became idealized for all Soviet citizens. Leon Trotsky claimed, "Man will make it his purpose to master his own feelings, to raise his instincts to the height of consciousto create a higher social biologic type a superman." The New Soviet citizen upheld a Nietzschean-like ... by the events that took place while Gleb was at war. Motya, Gleb's neighbor, is left devastated after her children all die from starvation; nearly all the factory workers have abandoned their posts, and the factory-the heart and pride of the proletariat-is nearly abandoned. ... rema...

• Word Count: 3036
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Zinoviev were accused of lacking enthusiasm in the seizure of power in October 1917. His final attack was on Stalin, claiming him to be "too rude- and suggesting that his role as General Secretariat should be removed from him. The alliance against Trotsky shows the fear the other members of the Politburo had of him and his power. This "troika- of ... in January 1925 again condemned Trotsky, which he was not present at, another case of his "illness-, and he resigned from his position of Commissar of War. Surprisingly however, Stalin opposed suggestions from both Zinoviev and Kamenev ...

• Word Count: 3761
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... approved. President Kennedy believe that certain steps should be made. In a speech, JFK stated: "the following initial steps will be taken immediately...1) -8- Quarantine of all offensive military equipment being shipped to Cuba from whatever nation or port but the necessities of life would not be stopped. 2)...in interest of both the Cuban people and Soviet technicians at the sites, the hazards ... any crime, to lie, to cheat, in order to attain that"(The Cold War: A History 268). The nuclear arms race, covert operations, and the Korean War perpetuated the Cold War between the United S...

• Word Count: 3726
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• Grade Level: High School

... Diamond Shamrock Corporation, Hercules Incorporated and The Thompson Chemical Company. The herbicide had been used in large amounts by the United States military personnel in Vietnam to kill off densely overgrown area that were used by guerillas to ambush American troops. Documents that were made public through the suit indicated that Agent Orange contained a toxic byproduct known as dioxin. Dioxin had been proven ... of the nine Klansmen because he was warned that his name appeared on a Klan "hit list" for assassination. Judge Clemen, the first black lawyer from Alabama appointed to th...

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... fearful of possible further attacks, angry at the way they were attacked and they felt vulnerable due to the dramatic loss of many of the US Navy's fleet. From this point America was interventionist and was going to play a key role in world affairs and this can be seen as a cause of the ... "Warsaw Pact" (1955) united the countries militarily and Comecon (1947) meant that the countries were run from and by Moscow. Stalin may have intended to use this bloc as an enormous "buffer" zone for defence. To Westerners, this Russian advance exceeded their worst fears. In 1946, Churchill described ...

• Word Count: 3123
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• Grade Level: High School

... extolled the virtues of hard work and rapid industrialization so that workers were bombarded with Stalin's thoughts and ideas and beliefs from every direction, almost forcing them to see things the way he did and no other. If by some chance, they did not, they were punished. No one was ... old party members as traitors. They were charged with many crimes, such as plotting industrial sabotage, collaborating with Trotsky to restore capitalism in the Soviet Union and planning to kill Stalin himself. These charges were made up by Stalin and his henchmen of course, but their served their purp...

• Word Count: 2886
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... ever, had encompassed with such totality the people under their sway. Few had such mad ideas; none had both the technology and the readiness to kill on so huge a scale. They murdered by the million, terrorized by the hundred million and for Adolf Hitler for twelve years and Joseph ... -of the defeat first of tsarist Russia, then of the Central Powers, and the revolution that followed"(Bullock, Alan). From the way they were raised, their rise to power and the way they ruled, both these historical monsters left an undeniable imprint on European history. Adolf Hitler was ... the building t...

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... the MX missile. During Reagan's first term defense spending increased by 40%. The build-up and modernization of the military also gave credibility to Ronald Reagan's desire to bargain from a position of strength. In another one of Reagan's attempts to gain strength over the communists he announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). SDI was a revolutionary new defense program that had never before been ... April of 1986 a nuclear power plant in Ukraine exploded. This was not the first nuclear accident to happen within the Soviet Union. The explosion of Chernobyl had Gorbachev ready t...

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... would kill them, which he did in the case of Vasile Milea, the defense minister . He was killed because he was a threat to Ceausescu. He was getting too powerful therefore Ceausescu decided to wipe him out. In one month in 1987 over the course of one month he dismissed eighteen ministers from the ... were not paid sufficiently. A policy of systemization was also proposed . In this policy rural population had to move to larger urban centres. Ceausescu promoted industrial labor and took away some farmers from their land to the city. This plan did not work and so it was abolished. The countr...

• Word Count: 2728
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• Grade Level: High School

... Greenglass in 2001. Greenglass admitted that he lied under oath about Ethel's involvement of her husband's espionage. Greenglass stated that he was "pressured by the prosecution and authorities to commit perjury to save my wife from prosectution, and myself a harsh sentence" (NPR 2). David Greenglass was pressured into saying that Ethel Rosenberg typed secret information for the Russians by the FBI and prosecution because ... reasons that show Julius and Ethel Rosenberg's execution as unfair and unmerited are the Anti-Communist attitude of the time, and the corrupt court that resulted f...

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... the beginning of the war, was replaced by Andrei Hanoi, who led a renewed ideological offensive. Soldiers who had seen too much of the prosperous West were interned in camps to keep them from "infecting" the population with subversive ideas; there was a new purge of the military, in which even the great Zhukov was reduced a minor provincial command; and a new cultural offensive was ... to be directed against Molotov, Beria, Malenkov, and others. Meanwhile, his anti-Semitic campaign continued throughout the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, and as 1952 drew to a close, he hatched a plot...

• Word Count: 5151
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... world worked. No longer could the people of the world be truly isolated from each other. Technology Vs. Nature The concept of technology vs. nature refers to the advance and use of technology to help man conquer nature. The fastest advances in technology have occurred with the ... of this time. This transforming of the status of the worlds people is historically significant in that it was the period of transition from the "Old World Order" to the "New World Order. Twentieth century - when it began and ended historically The twentieth century historically began with World War I. ... in ...

• Word Count: 2597
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... . During this time, the relations between the United States and Soviet Union increased apprehension, and resulted in three decades of pervasive fear. The United States and Soviet Union were destined to be enemies from the start because of a fundamental difference "in the ways the great powers envisioned the postwar world."" Prior ... ideal for success because the Soviet Union thrived on expansion. If one could prevent Stalin and his red army from spreading further, then eventually the Soviet Union would collapse. Truman would no longer appease Stalin, based on the Munich analogy and the ...

• Word Count: 2810
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the latter part of World War Two. The main cause of the Cold War, however, is found in Carruthers' statement that, "the two superpowers, having emerged from their interwar isolationism, found it impossible to agree on the shape of the post-war world."" America and the Soviet Union disagreed on the principles and policies that should have been implemented at the ... people in this light. There were political factors in other areas of the world that also contributed to the onset of the Cold War. In Asia, the Chinese civil war ended in 1949. This affected the Cold War because the commun...

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... who regard the Russian Revolution as a model that all Marxists should follow. Beginning with the Russian Revolution, moreover, the center of gravity of global communism has shifted away from Central and Western Europe; from the late 1940s through the 1980s, communist movements were often linked with Third World strivings for national independence and social change(Pious 24). In their writings, Marx and ... Engels tried to analyze contemporary society, which they described as capitalistic. They pointed out the discrepancies between ideals and reality in modern society: Rights granted to a...

• Word Count: 2983
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and ideal. State control was lo! osened and individual initiative encouraged. He expanded the authority of the Soviet presidency and transferred power from the Communist party to popularly elected legislatures in the union republics. In international affairs, he withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, normalized relations with China, signed a series of arms control agreements with U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. During this ... of parliament, despite Yeltsin's opposition." In December 1994 Yeltsin sent Russian military forces into the region of Chechnya, which had declar...

• Word Count: 3016
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... would not show dynamic upward movement. One of the reasons for the difference derives from the degree of development of market economy in pre-socialist period. In addition, the difference seems to relate to the fact that small countries' strength such as their ability to swiftly adapt to changing external environment, etc. favorably works in the Central Eastern Europe. Figuratively speaking, ... should establish investment-technology links between defense industry and the extract industry. As Dr. Vladimir Ivanov wrote, "if the export income from the mining sector can become available to ...

• Word Count: 3602
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... president Boris Yeltsin promising better times, citizens were hopeful that things would get better. They would soon find out that to get to the good times, they would have to go through a very difficult period (Parenti, 1997). For now, all they had gained from the new government would be their independence. This independence was a very scary thought for many Russian citizens! When the ... 1997, p. 5). Agriculture has also dropped since the reforms began. Pig production had decreased by 69 percent from 1990-95 (Ingwerson, 1996). This deduction in agriculture is due impart to the monopoli...

• Word Count: 2646
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• Grade Level: High School

... , Cecil Hepworth began producing on a small scale in 1899. at first he concentrated on actualities, but soon directed trick films as well. Hepworth went on to become the most important British producer in the era from 1905 to 1914. There were other producers scattered around England, but the most notable were those in the small, but influential group later dubbed the "Brighton School ... 's "All well that ends badly" - we need tragic endings." The pace of many Russian films was slow. With frequent purses and deliberate gestures enabling the players to linger over each action. This slow pa...

• Word Count: 3110
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... and ideal. State control was lo! osened and individual initiative encouraged. He expanded the authority of the Soviet presidency and transferred power from the Communist party to popularly elected legislatures in the union republics. In international affairs, he withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, normalized relations with China, signed a series of arms control agreements with U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush. During this ... of parliament, despite Yeltsin's opposition." In December 1994 Yeltsin sent Russian military forces into the region of Chechnya, which had declar...

• Word Count: 3136
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Therefore, summarizing these points we can assume that ethnical conflicts are appeared in regions with economic stagnations. In this case people are predisposed to express their national values and are easily affected. Transcaucasus region differ from other regions for many reasons. There is no region in the World which accumulates such number of nations within such little geographical territory. Diversity ... is an ancient Armenian land located in the northeastern part of the Armenia plateau. The relief of Karabakh includes mountains and valleys, extending from the northwest, including...

• Word Count: 2599
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... transcript. Money is a huge problem in the United Nations. Not only is it very difficult to collect from the sponsors but the United Nations seems to have a hard time keeping to its budget. A lack of money can hinder an organizations ability to preform and lead to devastating effects. "By the end of August 2003, members owed the UN $2.332 billion. The United States also owed $ 1.226 ... control over the UN, either by holding back funding, on the condition of certain UN reforms, or by simply refusing to pay for objectionable programs."7 "Again in January 1994, the US Senate voted to with...

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... great rulers like the Austrian born German Hitler and the Corsican born French leader Napoleon, Stalin was an outsider in the empire he came to rule. Georgians possessed their own culture and language which was very different from the official Russian language of the empire, and the young Stalin only began learning Russian when he was nine years old. Years later, at ... village of Novaya Uda in Siberia. While Stalin was in prison the political group the Social Democrats split into two different branches. The Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Stalin escaped from prison and turned to the Bol...

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... mistrust characterizing the time period was the understanding that the enemy's moves were an enigma. In times of such uncertainty, it was best to be prepared. To evaluate the danger in a situation such as the Berlin crisis, one must look beyond the statistics and military buildup and into the mindset ... 207,000 left the country. German Democratic Republic leader Walter Ulbricht vents his frustration to Khrushchev in the following discourse: West Berlin has strengthened economically. This is seen in the fact that about 50,000 workers from East Berlin are now still working in West Berlin....

• Word Count: 2678
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• Grade Level: High School