... privileges and that his statue was to be erected in every temple in Rome. Further, he was named Pater Patriae and this was minted on all the coins of the Republic (Dio, Roman History, Book 44, 4.1-4). Although Caesar refuses the Diadem of kingship presented to him by Antony, he secretly yearns for the title of King and probably arranged the presentation of ... own time. The influence of Augustus surely put pressure on him to accentuate what the emperor's ideals of the state were. What had built the Roman identity, how it had started to erode in the Late Republic, and how it could be cha...

• Word Count: 2928
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Plebs, or commoners too poor to own land. Only free Roman adult men who owned weapons were citizens. Not long after the Republic was formed, the Patricians closed off immigration of new patriarchal families. In the early years of the Republic, the Patricians often made laws unfair to the Plebs. Only ... complete control. Octavian named himself the princeps, which is Latin for emperor. He ran the Empire as a monarchy, although it was disguised as a Republic. They still had a senate, but senators only made it into office with Octavian's approval. Those citizens who weren't fooled kept quiet...

• Word Count: 4232
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

After the death of Julius Caesar, the Roman Republic was in shambles. The Senate had little real power and men were fighting for the position Caesar held and the one Caesar aspired to. Octavian was the ... Maecenas, called the Senate together in 27 BCE. He had already shared the consulship with Agrippa for the past three years, which was illegal in the laws of the Republic. He was not the first to serve back to back terms as consul, so the Senate assumed that he was assuming this position for life. He shocked them ... few thousand guards, and their jobs no doubt saved Augustus" life and pro...

• Word Count: 2979
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Rome. From the death of his father in 229BC until his own death, Hannibal devoted his life to the constant struggle against the strengthening Roman republic. His Background was military, with his first commands given to him by his father's son-in-law Hasdrubal, who was the Carthaginian general ... recognised that an important part of Rome's power lay in the readily available resources of Italy, and saw that the way to defeating the republic lay in controlling and using these resources against the Romans instead. To this end, Hannibal left his brother Hasdrubal in command of a considerab...

• Word Count: 2715
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... their place in his world. As reflected in most of his surviving works, Machiavelli eludes more to the ingratitude and injustices of man as an incredibly necessary trait of a new Roman republic to ensure its strength and sustainability. While Machiavelli arrives to knowledge of justice by describing the vice and not the virtue, one could argue that the negatives of a circumstance are ... ancient world could content this action is a prime example of injustice in Machiavelli's republic, he readily embraces his "unjust" stance as a necessary component to ensuring that the republic is capable...

• Word Count: 2733
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . When the Romans succeeded, they no longer had the strongest position in Latium. After the expulsion of the Etruscans, the monarchy became a republic. At first, the power was in the hands of the patricians, or upper class. "These patricians were normally of hereditary nobility. During ... census ordered by Augustus required all adults to register at their ancestral home towns. Marcus Aurelius, full name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus (121-180), Roman emperor (161-180) and Stoic philosopher. Marcus Aurelius, whose original name was Marcus Annius Verus, was born in Rome on April 20, .....

• Word Count: 3623
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

... Caesar's infantry and cavalry were top notch and prepared for all sorts of warfare. So Caesar had made heavy use of the impressive Roman artillery and his army's superior engineering abilities. Another astonishing attribute was the legendary speed with which he maneuvered his troops; Caesar's army ... is sad that he is often mistaken as a dictator and a tyrant. Julius Caesar's influence on Rome is greater than that of any other Roman emperor in history, and he left a positive impression on the Rome that would last for lifetimes. He led with courage loyalty and with military ... excell...

• Word Count: 3043
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... where the sponsor would paint his name in large letters for everyone to see that he is the generous giver of the games. During the republic, the spectacles were hosted by wealthy aristocrats vying for popularity and votes in the next elections. They would try to outdo each other in bloodshed ... of a man or animal, or having control over a man whose very life is at his disposal. The arena spectacles embodied and educated the people in ideal Roman values: - disciplined training, a desire to win, endurance, strength and courage. Thousands of Romans and their ancestors had perished in milit...

• Word Count: 2845
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... Mithridates in 86 BC. Soon after both Cinna and Marius died. It left their party leaderless and could not stop Sulla from taking control of the republic. When Sulla took control he forced Caesar to divorce Cornelia as a test of loyalty. He refused to divorce the love of his life. He ... a civil war would be a sure bet but the events may lead him to being a dictator. What he was going to do would destroy the Roman republic. If he did not do it his career and life would be doomed. The Rubicon river was the southern boundary line of his control. If he ... served four terms as consul and w...

• Word Count: 3515
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School

... civil and criminal matters, it is commonly believed that these laws served to codify existing custom. They provide not only a valuable insight into Roman law, but into Roman culture as well. Here are some excerpts taken from the translated version. Quickly kill ... a dreadfully deformed child. If a father thrice ... the foreign praetor in Rome. (Civil Law, Compton's 96) During the last century of the republic the rules of the new system were generally made applicable to controversies b! etween Roman citizens. This new legal system was known as the jus gentium. The extension of citizenshi...

• Word Count: 2515
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... Mamertines required. The Carthaginians arrived, occupied Messana and reconciled with Hiero. Some of the Mamertinesbecame worried about this and so they requested Roman assistance against the Carthaginians. They sent an embassy to Rome, requesting help to remove the Carthaginian garrison basing their request on the fact ... and expand. After the decision that they would assist the Mamertines, The Consul Appius Claudius Caudex, who played an important part in achieving Roman acceptance of Messana's request for aid, moved south to tell the Carthaginians what the Romans had decided. At this p...

• Word Count: 2984
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... etched in the face of history through countless feats of victory and innovation. It can be said, without a doubt, that the resilience of the Roman people was a vital factor in this accomplishment. Henceforth it is only natural that whatever the endeavor of this proud people was intertwined with the business of ... of the political nature of their city, or more appropriately so, they could not afford to. As an example, during the time of the Roman Republic two consuls (the highest seat of political power) were elected by the people every year. During everyday discourse of the normal peop...

• Word Count: 3044
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... involving expertise appreciated by those members of the public who attended the games for something more than blood and thrills. Gladiators were trained at gladiator schools established during the late Republic at the time of Sulla 138-78 BC. (Dining p.86) Novices practiced with wooden swords on a man of straw or a wooden post. The weapons used in ... the future be condemned to forced labor in the mines instead. By the end of the fourth century, gladiatorial shows had disappeared from the Eastern Empire.(Dining p.87) Bibliography 1. Boren, H. Roman Society. Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1992. ...

• Word Count: 3227
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the way. Scipio and Claudia [Quinta] were chosen. They were from Plebeian noble families; Scipio was the cousin of the General of the Republic and Claudia was the daughter and sister of the current consuls. The other 3 were women from old patrician families, chosen for their admirable virtues ... 2 Cybelline officials, a priest and a priestess, and they could be assisted by their family or close friends. These people could not be Roman, not even Roman slaves could partake in the rites. Their rituals and sacrifices (not human) were to be done inside the temple, except for one festival ... ...

• Word Count: 3703
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School