... people. For this we may start all the way back at the founding of the nation. Heralding John Winthrop's famous metaphor as the new state being a "City upon a hill"9 the puritan founders have implemented an idea that the New England community would grow to become a model for the rest of humanity. This was continued through to the constitution ... leading foreign-policy protestors such as Claude Pepper and Henry Wallace supported Truman's move into Korea and accepted the decision supported by the new ideology. A survey taken by the State Department showed that 80% of Americans supported se...

• Word Count: 4596
• Approx Pages: 18

... Stalin had with the USC controlled the arts, in particularly music, it has often been argued that many composers rebelled against this by seemingly complying by the rules and even in some cases, actually praising Stalin. Born in 1906, Shostakovich was one of the two most important composers ... without the lyrics, there is no possible way for the listener to successfully interpret the meaning the composer intended the piece to have. On the other side of the argument however, is the knowledge of society under Stalin's reign and the pressures put on composers by The Union ... , which were...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Mao in complete control. The popularity of these works represents a dramatic shift in the public's assessment of the Cultural Revolution. Jung Chang's Wild Swans finds evidence for an incredibly egocentric and sectarian power play, of which Mao was fully conscious, by connecting turning points of the Cultural Revolution to personal motivations. Aside from the general influences, the anti-Mao undertones of ... and must take a secondary role to avoid PLA reprisals. The obvious partiality to denounce Mao and his policies can be attributed to Chang's participation in and experience of these ...

• Word Count: 4647
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... like the fact that Germany was starting to reunify. Also the Russians opposed any government run by any western powers and took many measures to prevent this new government from staying in power (Prittie 38-39). On June 24, 1948 the Soviets shut down the "service on the stretch of ... shall have equal rights, and that no one may be prejudiced or privileged because of his sex, descent, race, language, homeland and origin, faith or his religious and political opinions" (Dept of State pg 283). Article four deals with the ideas of freedom of religion. Article five deals ... This organizat...

• Word Count: 4105
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... ', he compellingly argued, `depends more upon the maintenance of peace, the spread of commerce, and the diffusion of education, than upon the labors of cabinets and foreign offices' (Hill 1996: 114). For Cobden, politics was too important to be left to politicians. It was primarily this liberal idea of a natural `harmony of interests' in international political and ... , peace could only be secured with the creation of an international institution to regulate the international anarchy. Security could not be left to secret bilateral diplomatic deals and a blind faith in the balance of pow...

• Word Count: 3075
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the pain Gleb experiences as well upon his arrival, particularly when he becomes nostalgic about his previous relationship with his wife, Dasha. Greeting him coldly, she exclaims, "What's wrong with you, Comrade Gleb? Don't be so wild. Calm yourself" (Gladkov 5). Gladkov quickly establishes this conflict between the couple in order to emphasize Gleb's emotional capability. Alongside the image of a ... present in the spirited character of Gleb, the journey of the transition is clearly etched in the brokenness of society. Gladkov continues to explore the emotional aspect of his characters b...

• Word Count: 3036
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the same year, 1919, Stalin was married for the second time. His second wife was named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and Stalin was 39. Nadya produced two more children for Stalin; Vasily (a son), born in 1921, and Svetlana (a daughter) ... a 250 percent increase in overall industrial development and a 330 percent expansion in heavy industry alone. All industry and services were nationalized, managers were given predetermined output quotas by central planners, and trade...

• Word Count: 7507
• Approx Pages: 30
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Plan (1927-32) based on Marxist principles championing government control of the economy. Central to his program was the collectivization of agriculture, in which the government would redistribute the land by taking over the estates of the "kulaks", the wealthiest peasants. But the kulaks were essentially a figment of Marxist propaganda (there existed no real difference between these "wealthiest" peasants and all ... U.S.S.R. the following year. The Soviets applied similar pressure to Finland, which had been a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Tsars; but the Finns resisted, however, and...

• Word Count: 5151
• Approx Pages: 21
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the same year, 1919, Stalin was married for the second time. His second wife was named Nadya Allilueva; she had been serving as his secretary (and had accompanied him to Volgograd the previous year). She was seventeen when they married, and Stalin was 39. Nadya produced two more children for Stalin; Vasily (a son), born in 1921, and Svetlana (a daughter) ... a 250 percent increase in overall industrial development and a 330 percent expansion in heavy industry alone. All industry and services were nationalized, managers were given predetermined output quotas by central planners, and trade...

• Word Count: 7028
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... end of the 10th century, when missionaries from Byzantium converted the ruler of Kiev an Rus to Christianity. For the past 1,000 years the Orthodox Church has been the dominant faith of the Russian people. There are other Christian denominations as well, though none as large as the Orthodox. These include the Old Believers, which was a movement that stemmed from Orthodoxy ... want her family name used, says abortions have been a regular, if deeply unpleasant, feature of her adult life. I'm not sure how many abortions I've had, but definitely more than 10, she says. Statistics suggest th...

• Word Count: 4632
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... the twentieth century and it didn't involved the U.S. The seeds of hostility between the United States and the U.S.S.R began near the end of World War I. The Bolsheviks (later communists), led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the existing Russian government. The socialist Bolshevik regime believed in all men being equal, although democracy certainly wasn't part of their intentions. The western powers looked on ... of communism, for few wanted a return to the failed capitalism of the pre-war era." (Isaacs & Downing, Transworld Publishers, 1998. Pg. 39) As the great depression was classed as a...

• Word Count: 3123
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: High School

... such dissenter, Phil Williams, an analyst with the Royal Institute of International Affairs explained in 1985: By opting out of the arms race and placing, or misplacing, its faith in the arms control process, it is argued that the United States enabled the Soviet Union not ... only to achieve strategic parity but, in certain respects at least, to attain a degree of superiority (Williams, par. 1). However, Nixon had a much larger picture in mind and perhaps a further reaching ideology than could be fully appreciated by ... convinced that the executive branch knew best, members of Congres...

• Word Count: 3059
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... work effectively in practice. The world's citizens are living in an era of dramatic change and transition. In a world that is being transformed by complex financial systems and revolutionary information technologies into a vast global marketplace, an effective international system of law is needed now more than ever. ... . It valiantly attempts, yet fails to control a world that is far too diverse to be controlled. It is often manipulated and controlled by the superpowers of the world, particularly the U.S. As well, other world organizations that have increasingly emerged as more capable...

• Word Count: 5612
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... proposed in a response to further integrate Jews into the socialist economy and society. Jews involved in commerce and retail had been economically ruined by the civil war, and it was believed that agricultural resettlement was the best option available to reintegrate Jews into Soviet society (7). From ... Jewish national culture." (17). Although Jewish support was seen, Birobidzhan was never created out of Jewish initiative, and it was openly protested by leading KOMZET members such as Yuri Larin who argued against a harsh climate, unsuitable soil and the fact that Birobidzhan was a co...

• Word Count: 3032
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's domination was now total. After the war Stalin succeeded in establishing a communist buffer zone between Russia and Western Europe. Any resistance he met in establishing communist states was quickly suppressed by intimidation and terror. For example Stalin engineered a communist coup in May 1948 in Czechoslovakia in which a government minister Masaryk was killed and the president was forced to resign. (7) This served ... meant that the growth of Soviet culture and society was stunted and stagnating. The secrecy and lies undermined efficiency, isolated individuals and eroded the morale...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... 's domination was now total. After the war Stalin succeeded in establishing a communist buffer zone between Russia and Western Europe. Any resistance he met in establishing communist states was quickly suppressed by intimidation and terror. For example Stalin engineered a communist coup in May 1948 in Czechoslovakia in which a government minister Masaryk was killed and the president was forced to resign. (7) This served ... meant that the growth of Soviet culture and society was stunted and stagnating. The secrecy and lies undermined efficiency, isolated individuals and eroded the morale...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... 's domination was now total. After the war Stalin succeeded in establishing a communist buffer zone between Russia and Western Europe. Any resistance he met in establishing communist states was quickly suppressed by intimidation and terror. For example Stalin engineered a communist coup in May 1948 in Czechoslovakia in which a government minister Masaryk was killed and the president was forced to resign. (7) This served ... meant that the growth of Soviet culture and society was stunted and stagnating. The secrecy and lies undermined efficiency, isolated individuals and eroded the morale...

• Word Count: 5545
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: High School

... difference of religion made it a controversial match from both families' perspectives--Rose Kennedy even went into seclusion for a while, claiming that she had "lost" a daughter. But Kathleen had the support of her brother Joe, who was then in London flying missions against German submarines, and ... wife, now Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (known as "Jackie") would become one of the most famous wives in United States history. Beautiful and glamorous, she had studied at Vassar and the Sorbonne, and brought an element of culture and class to the marriage that would become one of the defining...

• Word Count: 8348
• Approx Pages: 33
• Grade Level: High School

... even rewrote the constitution giving the executive nearly absolute power. In December of 1993, citizens of Russia elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution done by Yeltsin. In this political system, the president wields considerable executive power (Anders, 1995). There is no vice president, and the president nominates the highest ... and other hustler ply their trade as never before" (Parenti, 1997, p. 5). Agriculture has also dropped since the reforms began. Pig production had decreased by 69 percent from 1990-95 (Ingwerson, 1996). This deduction in agriculture is due i...

• Word Count: 2646
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... weapons; he argued for "convergence, for a rapprochement of the socialist and capitalist systems that could eliminate or substantially reduce these dangers, which had been increased many times over by the division of the world into opposing camps. Economic, social and ideological convergence should bring about a scientifically governed, democratic, pluralistic society free of intolerance and dogmatism, a ... of democracy and intellectual freedom as essential for the advancement of science, and thus for improved economic performance."[15] The same year Sakharov entered the world of dissid...

• Word Count: 4394
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1998) Faced with this reality, even such and enemy of socialism as the Financial Times was obliged to proclaim on its front page of 28th August (1998), the headline: "Muscovites' faith in capitalism crumbles."" Just a few days later, the Sunday Times on the 30th August (1998) commented on the collapse as saying "in the bad old days when Russians were red ... and Stalinists (Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists, 1999: 1). The virtual economy was stirred in 1995, when the printing of money was limited due to Russia's massive inflation, which was caused by the removal of pric...

• Word Count: 3517
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... coercive measures. Paternalism, clientelism, and military intervention prevailed over legal methods and legal institutions. Lilia Shevtsova considers the Chechnyan war a byproduct of the Yeltsin regime's reliance on personal politics. She writes "Yeltsin saw the war as a chance to flex his muscles...neutralize the conflicts within his own regime; expand his political base...and appear before the world...as a strong ... for the politics of confrontation squarely at the feet of Yeltsin and his advisors (Shevstova 58). First, she debunks the idea that Yeltsin is a "destroyer of the old syst...

• Word Count: 4108
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography

... that time and I am sure that there are many individuals that were impacted by these events. Only two days after my birth, Kathy Boudin, received a sentence of twenty years to life in a stat e penitentiary. She was involved in the Brinks armored car holdup in which a guard and two ... plan to send military equipment to El Salvador. The house intelligence committee quickly blocked this plan because it seemed to exceed the aid limits set by congress. After another eight days, the House of Representatives approved over sixty-one and a half million dollars in emergency military aid for El Sa...

• Word Count: 3089
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... Soviet agent, "didn't do anything for us", Ethel Rosenberg did not participate in any espinoage activities with her husband, and even if she had intended to, she could not have because of her poor health. Furthermore, it is obvious that Ethel was never suspected of espionage, and was only arrested ... to try to lever her husband into confession by the FBI. When Julius Rosenberg would not confess to any espinonage activities, the FBI was ... frustrated. The looked for something to push Julius into a confession. That something was the arrest of his wife. The FBI never intended Ethel Rose...

• Word Count: 3028
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... of painting, sculpture, music, and theatre" (47). The October Revolution first year anniversary best portrays the mood of the country and the artists. Gray further explains these events in when she articulates, "They took charge of the decoration of the streets for the October Revolution anniversary celebrations; they organized pageants depicting the Revolutionary take-over involving thousands of citizens-a highly successful ... the air, with smaller hands also and raised with in a giant salute. The poster clearly represents a pledge to communism. Lodder refears to Klutsis and the signi...

• Word Count: 4641
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate