The civilization of Western Europe that emerged by 1300 was shaped by the ancient civilizations of Greece and the Roman Empire, then the Emergence of Christianity in the ... polii was Athens. Athens developed the first rudimentary democracy. Greeks have a history of great philosophers and thinkers; and have contributed to Western thought the value of speculation and natural inquiry. They bestowed Europe with ideas and books which continue to prove discussion not only in philosophy but also in theater, mathematics, science, and government. The ... the civilized Roman world. They were literate a...

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... to order by converting everyone to Christianity, making it be ruled by one government, and by educating people. Charlemagne wanted all of Western Europe to become Christian. Charlemagne launched a campaign to conquer and convert the pagan Saxons. It was treacherous to be a Saxon. He did not want there to be any perfidy. His illumination ... enlarge his kingdom which was called the Frankish Empire. It included Germany, France, Northern Spain, and most of Italy. Now most all of Europe was finally ruled by one government, and Charlemagne was in control. Charlemagne wanted to revise learni...

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... first half of the sixteenth century, Western Europe experiences a wide range of social, artistic, and political changes as the result of a conflict within the Catholic church. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the catholic response to it is called the Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation. This severe religious event influences the art of the Europe. Two kinds of aspects appear by ... life and scenes of daily life. For example, Allegory of Earth of Jan Brueghel is small and has the nature subject matter. In addition, the plain churches of the north Europe get...

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... use of instruments like the organ or whole orchestras , enhanced the sound of the choir and added to the richness of Baroque choral music. II. Personalities politics, govt., historical figures Europe and specifically England under went political and social reconstruction during this era after the Thirty Years' War began during the reign of Ferdinand III (r. 1637-57) and continued through the ... the Baroque Era, there were expulsions of many protestant churches, and the Catholic Church nearly wipe out Protestant power. Catholic missionaries were appointed to Protestant areas. Many Protes...

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Romanesque Architecture Romanesque architecture was established in western Europe and was used from about 1000A.D. to the late 1100's. After Rome fell in 476, Roman culture was spread by the Christian church. By the end of the pre-Romanesque ... period Roman styles had fused with elements from the Byzantium Empire and the middle east, and from the Germans, the Celts, and other northern tribes in western Europe. These various combinations created a number of local styles, called Romanesque, meaning "in the manner of the roman." Bunch material An extraordinary achievement of Romanesque architec...

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... Republic. After he accomplished this task, he was declared dictator for life, became a monarch in every way except by name that would continue on until the end of Western Roman Empire. He was assassinated on March 14th, 44 BC, his death was avenged, two years later he was proclaimed a god, and the republic was pronounced restored. ... the nominees and then the victims of the army. On top of this, a second plague hit around 250 AD and the empire was under attack from northern Europe and in the East. For the century after the death of Marcus Aurelius up until the accession of Diocletion in ...

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... wanted land along with their power. They set their eyes on the valuable lands around them and the Mediterranean world as well as parts of Northern Europe and Asia. The Roman civilization and culture was much influenced by the Phonetians and Greeks. Later, the Romans were in control of these lands ... all located in the same area, providing a throughway to Rome for trade routes from China and the Middle East. Thrace, being on the south western coast of the Black Sea made it easy for the Romans to sail farther inland to what is today Russia. Greece was located on the Agean ... to the nort...

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classical,choral,chants Classical Music was a popular term for the Western tradition of art music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages. Classical music has these types of music, symphonies, chamber music, opera and other music. Choral Music was music that was sung by a group of people, using ... . Choral music is written for choruses or choirs that have adults, children, or both children and adults in it. Part singing practices were also made in folk, tribal, and non Western cultures they say. Such singing that they do sometimes includes some manual labor, expresses joy or sorrow, or form...

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... century. Some of these problems were due to external factors and others were due to internal decay. These factors contribute to some of the explanations for the fall of the Western Roman Empire. There are many causes for the decline of the Roman Empire. To start off Rome had some social and Economic problems. As wealth poured into Rome through conquest ... . These actions caused the government to lose the support of the people. Also, the division of the empire by Diocletian weakened it because the Eastern portion no longer had the Western portions back. Second were the economic problems ...

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... diminish (Augustus). Antony formed a friendship with Cleopatra while Octavian began to gather power in Italy. Lepidus was forced to give up politics by Octavian. Octavian became the dominant figure in western Rome after his victory over Sextus and the resignation of Lepidus from their triumvirate (Augustus). Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and Antony married in 36 BC. Relations between Antony and Octavian ... to Egypt and the Sahara Desert (Miller, ed. 153). These places helped spread many aspects of Roman life. One of these aspects was culture. The Latin language was spread throughout Weste...

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... River. The Aryans were warlike people and were the builders of the new Indian civilization. They were among one of the many groups of Indo-European people who migrated across Europe and Asia seeking water and pasture for their horses. Not much is known about this group of people. Most of what we know about the Aryans comes from the Vedas ... through Asia Minor into Palestine and south to Egypt. Then he headed further east, crossing the Hindu Kush into northern India. Because of Alexander's conquests, gradually, a blending of eastern and western cultures occurred, which was one of his gr...

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... . Out of this came the classical arts and literature that have inspired the world for years. The Renaissance, or re-birth, began with the end of the Middle Ages and Europe trying to reproduce classical antiquity, and art moved away from the symbolism of the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scholars and artists of ... Europe studied the works of Greece and Rome, and tried to capture the spirit of their cultures. The Classical World stressed the importance of the individual, and humanistic ideals, such as ... level of learning that would not exist for another thousand years, yet they...

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... that slowly caused it to become like a different civilization. The economy in Rome was excellent until citizens started hoarding their money because trade was declining. Money almost stopped circulating in western portions of the empire. Barbarian tribes were coming into cities, and in addition to stealing goods, they were stealing from the treasury, which makes money just that much more rare ... the army slowly declined during the last years of the empire, causing the fall of the Roman Empire. One theory states that a massive Roman army was put together for the western part of the empi...

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... impressive monuments only comparable to it's glory. Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of Western Asia, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean Islands. After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar's rise and fall in the first ... ...

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... Church's understanding of its role in the world and its perception of the world beyond Rome, were becoming less and less compatible with actual conditions. Society had been changing in Europe throughout the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was dramatically transforming the way in which people looked at the world around them, and more importantly, how they looked at themselves and their ... the bull, or papal decree, of excommunication and with it a volume of canon law. (Barzun 20) This dramatic act of defiance symbolized a definitive break with the entire system of the Western church. In an...

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... artists and scholars went to Rome to be taught by master craftsmen. Rome also became a site of great religious increases. Venice was a city of great trading. It linked Asia and Western Europe in trade routes, also drawing traders from the rest of the world. Venice was also known for it's artistic achievements. Florence, Rome and Venice were three of the most influential ... ...

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... Roman Empire. The Middle East was conquered by the Romans in 30 B.C. At its peak, in the A.D. 100", the Roman Empire covered much of the Middle East, about half of Europe, and the north coast of Africa. It was at about this time that the empire began to collapse. One theory for what caused the fall of the Roman Empire is ... eastern part. They had more fertile land and economically were more powerful than the west. By having more people and having not near the extent of external pressure as the western part received was able to ensure that the east would survive for a longer time period...

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Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually referred to as Caravaggio after his birthplace near Milan, is one of the most important artists in the history of Western art. From his early teens into his twenties he was trained in Milan as an apprentice in a painter's studio. He traveled to Rome in the early 1590's to enter the ... state of mind. It is also the first indication of a shift in his painting style. Even though his life was short, his painting style had enormous impact on artists throughout Europe. Caravaggio's style consists of a rejection of idealization in favor of realism vividly...

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... to his cave in Subiaco. Here, he attracted many followers and was eventually persuade to found 12 monasteries throughout Europe. The most famous of Benedict's monasteries was at Monte Cassino, where he wrote his Benedictine Rule. This rule set the basis for western monasticism. In this rule, Benedict sets forth numerous vows in which a monk must take. Through the vows of obedience ... ...

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