... promulgating false or misleading advertising, illegal exploitation of employees, mislabeling of goods, violation of weights and measures statutes, conspiring to fix prices, evading corporate taxes, computer crimes, and so on. White-collar crime is most distinctively defined in terms of attitudes toward those who commit it. These crimes are punishable by law, however it is generally regarded by the courts and ... last a lifetime. This is especially true when the elderly are victimized, as they have little or no hope of re-establishing themselves in financial terms. Contrary to the popula...

• Word Count: 3718
• Approx Pages: 15
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... position in society and the power that comes with being in the dominant group. There are no more scholarships designated for African American college students than there are for white students. The white worker is still preferred over the black in most situations. Television news also exaggerates the extent to which black politicians favor special interests by assuming that their agenda is ... Americans only. When an African American speaks, he represents the entire race, not just himself (Holtzman 2000). Thirdly, racial discrimination is presented as a thing of the past (Campbell 1995)...

• Word Count: 2726
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography

... crime. He goes on the record for saying that "The high homicide rates that characterize the United States really have a geographical origin in the white, rural pre-Civil War South" (Booknotes, 1989). Butterfield uses the Bosket's family as a case study to illustrate his thesis about the transmission ... the name of Bosket, that's when they received their surname Bosket. Aaron Bosket wanted his own land and to become a share cropper with a white planner in Mount Willing. Here the share cropper system reduced the African Americans to peons but then in 1867 the Southern states were forced...

• Word Count: 3198
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... corrupted. It makes people wonder what some factors are that can increase or decrease a criminal in getting a longer or shorter sentence. In earlier times, many jurisdictions were comprised of all white decision makers (Kansul, 2005:1). Since times have progressed, there has been more diversity in the courtroom, but race still plays an important role in many court decisions like the cases ... . "Although African- Americans are the victims in half of the murders that occur each year in the United States 85% of the condemned were sentenced to death for murders of white persons "( Bright:43...

• Word Count: 2555
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography

... amount, their proportion in the general population. Nationwide, Blacks are incarcerated at 8.2 times the rate of Whites. Thus, a Black person is 8.2 times more likely to be in prison than a White person. Among individual states, there are even more inconceivable racial disparities in incarceration rates. In seven states- Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin- Blacks are incarcerated more ... which Black men are incarcerated in our country is astonishing. There are 4,630 Black men in prison nationwide per 100,00 black men in the population. The h...

• Word Count: 4763
• Approx Pages: 19
• Has Bibliography

... much higher rate than whites. Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976, 158 black defendants have been executed for the murder of a white victim, while only 11 white defendants have been executed for the murder of a black victim. 4,016 people were executed between 1930 and 1990; of those 4,016 people ... Death Penalty. This website provided statistics for the race of inmates on death row. Nearly 90% of persons executed were convicted of killing a white person, although African Americans make up over half of all homicide victims. My second source of data was from www.clarkprosector...

• Word Count: 2728
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... in the justice system because specific cases do not necessarily entail widespread discrimination. However, Butler does cite past and contemporary administration of the death penalty, disparities between punishments for white-collar crimes and punishments for other crimes, more severe penalties for crack cocaine users than for powder cocaine users, and the high rate of incarceration of African-American men.2 ... justice system in some way.4 These two factors indicate a very important trend. A high number of black males are in prison, and many more black males are in prison than white mal...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of prisoners serving jail time for rape were blacks convicted of raping whites (Marquart 58). The reason for this small percentage was because a black man who was convicted of raping a white woman was not sentenced to jail, rather to death in most cases. Marquart agrees: "Nationwide, the vast majority of executions for rape occurred in former Confederate states and the vast ... majority of those executed were black men who had raped white women- (Marquart 64). Juries sided with their neighbors rather than justice and the result was an absolute abuse of the judicial system and was a big ...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that such social injustices are apparent? Once in contact with Pat, one thing struck Prejean as surprising and it wasn't his poor upbringing it was his race-he was white. "That's a surprise, I assumed he would be black", she writes . Racial divide was still in issue in 1980's Louisiana as Prejean very well knew. ... are black. For example Millard says, that in the South nine times out of ten when the death penalty is sought it's because the victims are white, even though blacks are more often the victims of violent crimes. Sister Helens Prejean's involvement with Survive (a support group...

• Word Count: 2921
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography

... been arrested, detained, and committed to a training school (Caliber Associates, 1996). A second study in 1993 replicated the results in the previous study, stating that minority youth were more likely than white youth to be arrested and presented to a juvenile intake facility (Caliber Associates, 1996). Hsia and Hamparin (1997) found that although minorities represented only 32% of the youthful population they represented ... taken at each decision point (Kurtz et al, 1993). Minority parents who earn low salaries may find it difficult to take a day off from work and attend juvenile cou...

• Word Count: 8199
• Approx Pages: 33
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the country. In Las Vegas a group of 200 angry rioters set fires, looted stores and attempted drive-by shootings. In New York, black protestors would pull white men from their vehicles and beat them. 50-100 people in downtown Seattle randomly looted cars, broke windows and set fires to buildings . From 3 p.m, Wednesday ... helped President Richard Nixon to win a second term in office (Watergate, 2000). When asked if the republican committee or the White House knew anything about the burglary, the answer was no. Five days after the attempted burglary, President Nixon himself denied that th...

• Word Count: 4508
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... and ethnic backgrounds have been important elements in some of the most notorious incidents of police violence, such as the 1999 killing of an unarmed African by four white New York City agents, or the 1997 police torture of Haitian immigrant Abner Louima (Bass). Previous research about police malpractice indicated that minorities are targeted and victimized disproportionately ... nation that have large African American population clusters. According to Bass, "black people, particularly young black males, tend to have much worse experiences with police than do white Americans." She exam...

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of our children apart from the people who stop to cheer on the crooks and throw missiles in the road as the police pass. White, collar crime illustrates the wider political and ideological dimensions of definitions of crime, few would describe fraud as a law and order problem or ... fraud illustrates how the crime of business executives are less `criminalised` than the burglaries or robberies of lower class offenders. Thus the definition and control of white collar crime and by comparison that of conventional crime are implicitly political issues. (Croall H 1992) Marxist criminals are si...

• Word Count: 2617
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... in that same time frame, delinquency cases involving black and other nonwhite youths rose 78% and 94%, respectively, while delinquency cases involving white youth rose only 26% and since the population of 10-19 year olds is expected to increase by 30% between 1995-2005, juvenile ... reveal racial difference in juvenile delinquency, in fact they found that if self-report is used that the prevalence of black delinquency exceeded the white delinquency by only 5%. Recent self-reports have found that there is little if any evidence of racial disparity (Hensley et al., 1999, ... involved with ...

• Word Count: 3369
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... that it violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. This is the case in that it is randomly and discriminatorily applied. "It is imposed disproportionately upon those whose victims are white, offenders are people of color, and on those who are poor and uneducated." (Bedau) An article in the September 26, 2000 issue of The Progressive boldly supports this view, suggesting ... 8 percent of the total. Over the past five years, 48 % of those people whose cases were submitted to the Justice Department for review were African American, 29 % Latino and 20 % white. Of the 19 peop...

• Word Count: 2739
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... lives of thousands of innocent people who might be the next victims of murder. A second argument against the death penalty is discrimination. Eighty-two percent of all murder victims are white and thirteen percent are black. This is about a 6:1 ratio. Opponents of the death penalty, such as the NAACP, argue that the system values ... white lives more than black lives. If this is true, one has to wonder why whites represent fifty-five percent of those executed and blacks thirty-nine percent, (Jacobs 68) when ... and when discrimination occurs it should be corrected. Not, however, by le...

• Word Count: 4548
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... that it violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. This is the case in that it is randomly and discriminatorily applied. "It is imposed disproportionately upon those whose victims are white, offenders are people of color, and on those who are poor and uneducated." (Bedau) An article in the September 26, 2000 issue of The Progressive boldly supports this view, suggesting ... 8 percent of the total. Over the past five years, 48 % of those people whose cases were submitted to the Justice Department for review were African American, 29 % Latino and 20 % white. Of the 19 peop...

• Word Count: 3235
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: High School

... that it violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. This is the case in that it is randomly and discriminatorily applied. "It is imposed disproportionately upon those whose victims are white, offenders are people of color, and on those who are poor and uneducated." (Bedau) An article in the September 26, 2000 issue of The Progressive boldly supports this view, suggesting ... 8 percent of the total. Over the past five years, 48 % of those people whose cases were submitted to the Justice Department for review were African American, 29 % Latino and 20 % white. Of the 19 peop...

• Word Count: 2861
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... likely to be charged (Frontline 13). Equally, they are more likely to receive longer sentences when an African-American commits the same crime along with having a similar criminal background to a white juvenile (Frontline 13). A study done by Mike Males and Dan Macalliar provides the statistics that backup with Judge Cordell firmly believes. According to Males and Macalliar, minority youths are 2.7 times ... more likely to be arrested for a violent felony than a white youth (10). Their study also shows that white juvenile arrestees are 3.1 times less likely to be transferred to an adult...

• Word Count: 2903
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... lives of thousands of innocent people who might be the next victims of murder. A second argument against the death penalty is discrimination. Eighty-two percent of all murder victims are white and thirteen percent are black. This is about a 6:1 ratio. Opponents of the death penalty, such as the NAACP, argue that the system values ... white lives more than black lives. If this is true, one has to wonder why whites represent fifty-five percent of those executed and blacks thirty-nine percent, (Jacobs 68) when ... and when discrimination occurs it should be corrected. Not, however, by le...

• Word Count: 3831
• Approx Pages: 15

... became more common among gang members, autonomous female dealers occasionally emerged. Most female gangs are either African American or Latino, although there are small but increasing numbers of Asian and white female gangs. Autonomy and male dominance, which are ongoing issues for all female gangs, tend to vary with ethnicity. For example, gender expectations in each ethnic group might suggest that ... African American and white female gang members would be more autonomous and Latinos more subordinate to males. They usually are, but not always. In other words, there is no universal eth...

• Word Count: 2737
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and exaggerated the 'traditional' idea features of the masculine appearance. For example, arguments developed about skinhead culture, which defined the concept that there was a violent association with masculinity and white working-class males (Nayak, 1999). Phillippe Bourgois' conducted a 2003 study of Puerto Rico migrants, illustrating this argument of subcultures. This study involved street drug dealers in the USA, who once ... with masculinity as men promote violence in order to show their 'manhood'; consistently proving that this is the most fulfilling way to demonstrate ...

• Word Count: 3847
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the strong narrative that mainly minorities commit crimes (Wolfers 2014). We even hear a lot of talking heads having discussions on the high rates of black-on-black and black-on-white crime. These false and excessive representations of minority crime have a negative impact on the public mind. The media has the power to construct any type of idea by simply putting ... and the narratives used are furthered by over-representation of minorities as criminal offenders. Britto and Dabney (2010, p. 213) note that although, "there are 2.3 whites arrested for every non-white arrested in the Unite...

• Word Count: 2700
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the necessity of the Racial Justice Act of North Carolina. The death row demographic of North Carolina at the time of this was as follows: Death Row Demographics   Male Female White 56 1 Black 73 1 Indian 7 0 Other 4 0       Totals 140 2 These facts are important because even though African Americans only make up 22% of the population of North Carolina, they make up more ... their sentences commuted to life without the possibility of parole. Opponents also felt that under the law, the way that it was currently written, felt like an individual who was a white supremacist that was con...

• Word Count: 2866
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... is learned from others during the course of their social interaction. Sutherland's famous theory is called the theory of differential association. It covers criminal acts from traditional street crimes to white-collar crime and juvenile delinquency. The exchange theory is based on the premise that people act according to a system of rewards or punishments. The exchange theory, as applied to bullying ... high school drop out, with males dropping out more than females (Falcon, 2004). In many inner city schools, over half the students drop out. About 75% of all dropouts are white and 62% l...

• Word Count: 2600
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate