... of Mozart's. Mozart even composed six quartets which he dedicated to Hayden. His music is known for containing a great deal of variety, beauty, and on occasion, humor. Haydn has been called the "father of the symphony, orchestra, and the string quartet."" He composed over 100 symphonies, over 80 string quartets, as well as oratorios, operas, and a large body of piano music ... Austrian National Anthem. When Haydn died at the age of 76, he was mourned as one of the greatest musicians of his time. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) is sometimes called the most brilliant composer ever. Hi...

• Word Count: 1299
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• Has Bibliography

... from European norms at the time, but were shared by both African and Caribbean culture. Whereas for the Europeans "wearing clothes was not a matter of choice but a sign of civility "9, it was common for Africans and Caribbean inhabitants to only hide their private parts. Depending on the environment in which the observed civilization was in, these two civilizations were described differently ... ...

• Word Count: 1345
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... which was the fantasia. Other forms such as the sonata had many homophonic and contrapuntal movements that contrasted with each other. There were many pieces that were a theme and variations called a passacaglia. The concerto was a solo instrument that played against an orchestra that differed on many musical, rhythmical and dynamic levels. The concerto was one of the most important forms of ... , but more like a poem, was given by Gustav Mahler who wrote whole boisterous symphonies showing the greatness and brevity of the human soul, all with no rhyme or reason to it. Towards the end of...

• Word Count: 1546
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... June 1988, A committee headed by EMU President Jacques Delors proposes three distinct steps to implementing the new currency • February 1992, The Treaty of the European Union called the Maastricht Treaty, is signed, and the European Community officially changes their name to the European Union • January 1994, The European Monetary Institute (EMI) is created ... meet the needs of the visually impaired, the value of each coin is given in large figures. The circumference of the 20 cent piece has a ribbed design called the "Spanish Flower" (Regnier, 1999) The metals and alloys used for t...

• Word Count: 1620
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Kissinger, T L). The committee's task was to draw up a report on the planned European reconstruction program and to present it to the U.S. Government as a proposal (Hemmling, H D). The report, which was ready on September 22, 1947, proposed that a European reconstruction program should be carried out with the U.S. - limited to four ... channeling of American aid and proper planning of European reconstruction, the Committee for European Economic Cooperation formed at the 1947 Paris Confe...

• Word Count: 1711
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the trend of how dark and black the looks and themes were of many American crime and detective films released in France following the war. It is a style of American films that first evolved in the 1940s, became prominent in the post-war era, and lasted in a classic period ... 30s.) Classic film noir developed during and after World War II, taking advantage of the post-war ambience of anxiety, pessimism, and suspicion. So-called post-noirs (modern, tech-noirs or neo-noirs) appeared after the classic period with a revival of the themes of classic noir. Primary Characteristics and ... defi...

• Word Count: 1859
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... tribes from Great Britain and European Mainland moved out and invaded Ireland. The celts had control of Ireland and divided it into small kingdoms called Tuatha. The rulers over these Kingdoms constantly fought over boundaries. There were many saints and leaders of both Irish ... in this movement and deemed with sainthood. Her name was Saint Schlastica (473-543). It was during their era that the first Benedictine Monastery in Italy was established. It is called Monte Cassino (529) and is considered the oldest shrine of western civilization. The ... abbey is located between Rome and Naple...

• Word Count: 1711
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... prenuptial agreements wherein the woman retained control of her dowry and in the event of her death the assets would pass to her children. Although it sounds harsh, the status of women who were widowed often improved as widows returned to the feme sole status. The gender roles of European ... barter any surplus products, as well as vote in local and school elections. Although most women usually assisted as unpaid help in the family enterprise, be it farm, shop or plantation, many colonial women also chose to work outside the home. Butcher, gunsmith, midwife/nurse, printer, inn or tavern k...

• Word Count: 1808
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... does not transform her into a complete white westerner as she does not have enough money to apply Ambi on her whole body: she could only apply it to her face and her arms so that her legs and neck retained their blackness'. (Ngugi p.1447, line 26-27) Therefore, Beatrice becomes a semi ... -black and a semi-white person; having a hybridized identity. Ambi is also a metaphor of the political colonial rule of the British government. It changes Beatrice's skin from black to light while the British colonizer changes the African's minds to abandon their traditional values for her Western ideas...

• Word Count: 1952
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... sometimes when referring to more recent periods, epochs, which in some cases are then divided into ages. Each geologic time chart is different. It all depends upon the most recent findings dating rocks and fossils of that certain age. The era of geologic time from c. five billion to ... five hundred seventy million years ago is known as the Precambrian era. It is divided into two periods, the Archeozoic and the Proterozoic. Eighty percent of the earth's history is included in the Precambrian era. The ... forty million years is known as the Paleozoic era. This is the first and longest ...

• Word Count: 1841
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , people began to question some of the traditionally held views and many new ideas and thoughts were debated in the universities around Europe. It became fashionable for kings and queens to take on board of these new ways of thinking. With the invention of the printing press around ... contracted to develop printing techniques. By 1450 Gutenberg had refined his techniques enough to convince Mainz merchant, Johann Furst to sponsor his work. So it was that in1450 the first bible was produced using the new method of printing with movable type invented by Gutenberg. Education: Was an importan...

• Word Count: 1426
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... taxes and gave the surplus farmed goods to their superior (Briquebec 36). In this system of peasants working for their manor-holders, a system later called manorialism, peasants were restricted to monotonic hard labor every day, with no hope of escape (Hartman 87). The peasants were hardworking, and they allowed ... Gies 123). Because the only work available to commoners was laboring on the farms, the strong middle class of Rome was eliminated, and along with it disappeared the need for education (Lyon). The urban lifestyle of trade, education, and intellect from Rome had been long forgo...

• Word Count: 1473
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Charles Alexander de Calonne, Louis XVI's controller general noticed the immense stress that was placed on the French economy. He proposed a financial reform package; it included a land tax which would apply equally to the entire French class regardless of their estate. Following the proposal of the financial reform package, ... Louis XVI summoned the Estates General, an assembly of French Aristocracy. The assembly had not been called since 1614. Delegates of the three estates from each locality needed to provide a list of grievances to the General Estate, this list would be ... began th...

• Word Count: 1580
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... more autonomy. A paragraph should be added to the Treaty, recognizing the right of member states to withdraw from the Union. Main Political Issues. The party Bundnis 90/Die Grunen as it exists today, was created in May 1993 by associating the former Green Party Die Grunen and Bundnis 90, an alliance of east German civil rights movements. Bundnis 90/ Die Grunen ... portfolios in the government: Foreign Affairs with Joschka Fischer, Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture with Renate Kunast and Environment with Jurgen Trittin. The party has been successful in implementing policies it ha...

• Word Count: 1917
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... for him during this third and final trip. Hobbes fled to France for eleven years because of the fear of getting arrested from his book. He called himself "a man of feminine courage". In France he taught the Prince of Whales, later known as King Charles II, mathematics. While in London he ... also wrote his most famous book Leviathan. This book should Hobbes views on all the theories and ethical decisions. It was published in 1651, the same year he moved back to England. He moved back because he felt safer now in England then he did in ... was trying to state. He meant that when you mig...

• Word Count: 1268
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• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... become a monk. Monasteries consisted of several different buildings, and some larger communities were like small towns. Each monastery had an abbey church and next to it a cloister. A cloister is a covered walkway around a courtyard where monks could get exercise and sometimes sit at desks to illuminate manuscripts. The refectory ( ... and manuscripts were written and illustrated. The monks would decorate them with magnificent paints and a gold leaf. The monks that decorated them were called illuminators, one had to very skilled to become an illuminator. The books were written on parchmen...

• Word Count: 1587
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... province of Poland now taken over by Germany. In addition, nearly one in a half million Jews from Poland itself would be uprooted from their homes, and sent to this area. It was "clear" that the aim of the scheme was to set up a place for gradual extermination, and not what the Germans would describe as a Lebensraum or living space. At the ... organized mass murder of the Jews had begun. The slaughter of as many as half a million Jews did not satisfy the Nazi desire to eliminate Jewish life from Europe. Instead it simulated the search for a final solution. In the Autumn of 1941 experime...

• Word Count: 1707
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: High School

... to attack a country would immediately mean war with the other members of the alliance. The problem with this system is that, in this case, it did not serve it's purpose, because a minor incident which would have turned into a Third Balkan war ended by gradually becoming an European war, and later, a ... get involved in the conflict. An example is that Britain, who had agreed to protect Belgium's neutrality, had not honored the treaty twice before it was invaded by Germany in 1914. France had not aided Russia when she reacted against the Austrian annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina. Accordi...

• Word Count: 1468
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... Ages, scholars had been guided by the teachings of the church, and people had concerned themselves with actions leading to heavenly rewards. The writings of ancient, pagan Greece and Rome, called the "classics," had been greatly ignored. To study the classics, humanists learned to read Greek and ancient Latin, and they sought out manuscripts that had lain undisturbed for nearly 2,000 ... cloth of excellent quality. They sold the finished material in Italy, northern European cities, and even in eastern countries. Other textile experts purchased inferior cloth from northern cities and ref...

• Word Count: 2157
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... Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land, water, living things, or air. These four subsystems are called spheres. They are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. Each of these four spheres can be further divided into sub-spheres. To ... . The continents are imbedded in continental plates; the oceanic plates make up much of the sea floor. The study of Tectonic plates called plate tectonics helps to explain continental drift, the spreading of the sea floor, volcanic eruptions and how mountains are formed. The force ... collision;...

• Word Count: 1504
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

The Italian Renaissance was called the beginning of the modern age. The word Renaissance itself is derived from the Latin word rinascere, which means to be reborn. The Renaissance was a rebirth of culture, to put it simply. Many dramatic changes occurred during this time in the fields of philosophy, ... form of government established by the ruling families of the various Italian cities came to be known as signoria, with the chief official being called the signore. Soon elaborate court systems, controlled by the ruling families, began to spring up in each city-state. At these courts ... . Desp...

• Word Count: 1908
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... hoped this would cause economic troubles for the British. The policy proved to be to be successful and have a significant negative effect on British Trade. However, it also resulted in many other countries succumbing to the negative effects of the policy. The unexpected drawback from the policy was when Russia reopened trade with the British. ... where, nationalism rebelled not only against French rule but also translated into intellectual thinking. The intellectual thinking was called romanticism. Romanticism denounced all aspects of French traditions, with this intellectual thinking, m...

• Word Count: 1493
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... theology and may only read theological books. They were required to study day and night and were to read something and try to memorize it by heart, at home or while traveling (Rules of the Dominican Order Extract 3). Intellectual life in the Middle Ages was restricted, the ... and reproduced by the hand of the monks (Eshuys, 1993: 134). A special room called "scriptorium" was set up in the monasteries. It is a place where the monks published their books by hand (Heer, 1962: 134). It was the responsibilities of the monasteries to preserve ancient learning. Some parents promised their chil...

• Word Count: 1734
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• Has Bibliography

... the way of life for many people and had many social and economical consequences. The plague was a highly lethal disease caused by a strain of bacteria called Yersinia pestis. The bacterium that the plague came from is usually confined to a type of flea and the rats that the flea feeds on. Different ... people died, the fleas would quickly find someone else to feed upon (Corzine 27). The first symptoms of the disease were egg-size black swellings called buboes under the armpits or in the groin area. Purplish blotches caused by hemorrhaging under the skin appeared after the buboes. The bubo...

• Word Count: 2258
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

... of the classical era were influenced by those of the baroque era. The classical period in music tends to be associated with the movement called the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment, which began earlier in the eighteenth century. Following the scientific and intellectual advances of the previous ... and commercial practices increasingly determined a composer's reputation and by the end of the century, the public's view of the composer had changed substantially. It was during the classical period that the modern orchestra was founded. The full orchestra consisted of flutes, oboes, clarine...

• Word Count: 1406
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate