This has been used to explain the greater number of law enforcement in segregated black communities in different cities. To calm their fear, whites demand more police presence to ensure social control in black communities. .
Another explanation is the place stratification theory, which considers "prejudice and discrimination" as factors that prevent integration (Charles, 2003, p. 170). Similar to the racial threat theory, this theory also considers racial perceptions and attitudes as barriers to integration. However, this theory is broader by not only focusing on fear but also the interplay of emotions and cognitions that facilitate the persistence of segregation. Individual attitudes reinforce segregation. Several studies (Farley et al., 1993; Charles, 2003; Chun, 2013) done in the last 20 years have shown that whites are not willing to move into a black community or a community with blacks as the majority. Willingness to remain in an integrated community also depends on a tipping point of 10 to 15 percent black population (Charles, 2003; Chun, 2013). If the percentage of blacks in the community exceeds 15 percent, a significant number of white families, especially those with children, are likely to move away in search of a more white community. In effect, if more black families move into the community and more white families move away, the community becomes more segregated than integrated. Blacks also respond to expectations of prejudice and discrimination. In deciding on housing location, blacks avoid communities with a history of racial prejudice, such as Dearborn and Warren in Detroit (Farley et al., 1993). Even if blacks can afford housing in these communities, they are not likely to choose these locations.
Institutional prejudice also reinforces segregation. Two laws have been passed to facilitate integration. The Fair Housing Act 1968 prevented discrimination in the real estate sector.