These systems are remote-controlled rather than being programmable and self-controlled. They require high technology and their operating principle is specific to the purpose. Power transmission systems (like hydraulic and pneumatic) or radio frequencies are used for remote control. Operational robots are of great importance in Ceiba for minimizing the effects of radiation. "Pathfinder" which takes photographs on the surface of Mars can be an example of operational robots. Manufactured by a robot company, PackBot is still used in Iraq and Afghanistan for mine clearance and it is an up-to-date example of operational robots. We are going to benefit from operational robotics in our spaceship. .
Robots in the Field of Medicine and Health.
Apart from their function of transport in the field of health, we are going to use robots in orthopaedics and surgical fields. .
The robotics prostheses used in the field of orthopaedics can detect the tension in tendons (commands from the brain) with piezoelectric sensors and send power to fingers or joints according to the severity of the tension. Power transmission is provided by servo motors and artificial tendon systems. Since these prostheses are very expensive, they are not widely used for the time being. To reduce the costs, engineers have been researching memory metals lately. Surgical robots used in surgery are completely composed of systems with stepping motors and precision controls. .
Robotics in Cybernetics.
Cybernetics is a theory which is based on the comparative research of control and communication methods for the purpose of improving the operating style and functions of machines and living things. The most powerful usage of artificial neural networks is in cybernetics. The first area of interest of robotics in cybernetics is constructive architecture or external appearance and physical architecture. Since the aim is the imitation of a living tissue, apart from cybernetics, electronics, materials science and medicine are also involved in the subject.