sought allies of German states to promote their candidates for imperial crown. This heightened tension amoung Catholics and Protestants. In 1618, a revolt against Habsburg rule in the kingdom of Bohemia touched off widespread warfare. Bohemia (now Czech Rep.) had large Prot. Population, but Rudolf II had used Prague (the capital) as imperial capital. Rudolf II and brother, Matthias, had been confirming Prot rights to worship. Matthias became king of Bohemia and Holy Roman emperor, but broke his promise to the prots. The right to build new Prot churches was denied and Bohemian crown lands were given to the Catholic church. On May 23, 1618, Prots went to royal officials to confront over demands. They were tried for treason on the spot and then thrown out of the window and landed in a pile of manure (day known as defenestration from the latin, fenestra "window"). The rebels then set up their own govnmt. Matthias's cousin, Ferdinand, was next in line for king of Bohemia and Emperor. Rebels kicked him out as king of Bohemia, but he was still Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, a Prot. was next king of Bohemia - he was a Calvinist Prince. So then, other Prot groups asked for religious freedom like the people in Bohemia had and other princes saw the opportunity to make political gains. Rivals to Habsburg rule in Hungary took up arms and the Prot king of Denmark/duke of Holstein, Christian IV, conquered more German territory. King of England, James I, was Frederick's father-in-law and so England practiced a pro-Prot foreign policy. Everyone had an eye out on Spain.This coflict over the Habsburgs" power in their own lands and the conflict over the balance of power in the empire/Wurope was all a sesult of the revolt in Bohemia. Catholics took victory ofver Bohemia on Novermber 8, 1620 b/c the prot army didn't" get much aid from Prot allies. The truce btwn Spn and the Netherlands from 1609 ended in 1621.