Drug and Alcohol violations are not included in the same index but are reported. (Taylor 114) .
According to crime statistics the size of the community is related to the amount of crime in that area. Crime rates are much higher in urban than in rural areas. Violence and property crime in the largest cities are three or four times as high as the rates in rural areas. This is a direct result of the population. There will be more crime where there are more people. This same "urban-rural" difference has been found in Canada, England, Australia, and the Netherlands. (Kubrin 1597) .
Urban areas, in general, have more crime. Ever since the transition from agricultural-based to industrial-based societies developing cities have been hotbeds for crime. Many believe that crime in the cities was caused by the early flood of immigrants, and especially the ones with ethnic criminal history. From the beginning of the industrial revolution in the United States certain crimes have been more prevalent in different areas. However, some critiques believed that the sudden change of environment played a much larger role than ethnic composition. When immigrants first arrived in the United States they typically moved into the poor neighborhoods because that is all they could afford. The poor living conditions had a major impact on the crime rate because of the poverty, .
racial tensions, and family disorder that existed. Researchers believe that it was not the ethnicity but the new environment that increased the rate of crime. (Kubrin 1596).
Characteristics of cities and neighborhoods have a definite influence on crime. Certain "disorganizing factors" including low levels of education, poverty, and poor housing all lead to higher levels of crime and violence in the community. (Kubrin 1597) Also, the absence of commitment and a shared sense of community allows crime to spread because the community's ability to control itself is inhibited.