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Alternative Development

            The first rural development efforts to address illicit cultivation were started the 1970s with projects that narrowly focused on substituting drug crops for other products were predominantly negative. Therefore, the AD concept was gradually widened and comprehensive approaches were developed in order to contribute to sustainable conversion of drug crop cultivating areas. At the UN General Assembly special session on the world drug problem in 1988 the UN General Assembly defined AD as a rather broad concept compatible with UN member states: "a process to prevent and eliminate the illicit cultivation of plants containing narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances through specifically designed rural development measures in the context of sustained national economic growth and sustainable development efforts in countries taking action against drugs, recognizing the particular socio-cultural characteristics of the target communities and groups, within the framework of a comprehensive and permanent solution to the problem of illicit drugs. There are many controversies on AD approach on Drug problem. The double targeting of AD is particularly criticized: AD is often understood as a measure of drug supply control that aims to reduce drug crop cultivation on the one hand and on the other hand to promote sustainable rural development and to reduce poverty. The weighting of targets frequently underestimates the functional logic of how drug economies work. Even now, some governments reflect this bias by continuing to demonstrate a preference for drug crop substitution. Drug economies flourish because the framework conditions permit them to do so – poverty, violence, weak political and judicial systems, absence of public institutions and control mechanisms, well- established trafficking networks for drugs and the lack of infrastructure and access to legal markets are the main factors pushing farmers to grow drug crops.


Essays Related to Alternative Development

1. Assessing the Impact of Lower gas prices in Alterative Fuel Vehicles and the Consumption of Alternative Fuels

... products and the indices as defined by models showing a higher probability of rising prices than dropping ones (Zhang, Lohr, Escalante, Wetzstein, 2008), auto manufacturers are accelerating the development of alterative energy-based engines. The leader in this regard continues to be Toyota with their hybrid technology which has led to their leadership of the hybrid- engine components and ... a dependence on petroleum products. Despite the most technically and statistically elegant models that attempt to predict demand for petroleum products (Zhang, Lohr, Escalante, Wetzstein, 2008) the d...

  • Word Count: 874
  • Approx Pages: 3
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

2. The Evolution of the Post-Development Theory

... Latin America and Southeast Asia. From these studies, McGregor concludes that people will not become passive victims of development and that there are more diverse development opportunities that may lead to alternative pathways. Ironically, McGregor uses this post-development perspective in proposing alternative development in these countries using the mechanisms of development. As such, he analyzes four initiatives in Timor-Leste to determine opportunities to implement post ... : sectoral project-based initiatives, institutional capacity-building programs, community partnerships and sma...

  • Word Count: 3546
  • Approx Pages: 14
  • Grade Level: Graduate

3. Culture And The Development Of Everyday Social Explanation

... upbringing can influence the way we perceive the people in our world. The first part of this study focuses on the impact of cultural meaning systems of the development of everyday social explanation that explored in a cross-cultural investigation undertaken among Indian and American adults and children (ages 8,11 and 15 years). It is demonstrated ... that objects or events may be classified as similar because of their prescriptive cultural significance, even though they do not share a particular set of correlated attributes. An alternative interpretation of age and cultural diversity i...

  • Word Count: 2442
  • Approx Pages: 10
  • Grade Level: Graduate

4. Ref;ections on Culture and Development

... contends that it is possible to alter the present disastrous course of development which humankind is leading itself into. This is now the formal realm of culture - the creation of meaning, the fostering of values and belief systems. The crux of the matter is that the struggle for an alternative development paradigm should be anchored on a new meaning system to serve as a ... counter-culture to the materialistic worldview. Several sectors in the alternative movement around the world have already been proposing to combine efficient resource development with the spiritual understanding of...

  • Word Count: 3196
  • Approx Pages: 13
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

5. Alternative Medicine: Try Something New

... not really cure the infection or disease (Monroe 3). One alternative advocate named Dossey states "these concepts are going to cause an immense amount of intellectual indigestion in our profession, but it's not necessary to make a choice and pick a path in which you do science and intellectual development or you choose to do spiritual development and religiosity. I believe that these two roads can ... come together" (Monroe 4). As the paths of alternative and conventional medicines parallel and cross chiropractics is by far the most popular mix of the two. Chiropractics is the ... their...

  • Word Count: 1251
  • Approx Pages: 5
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

6. Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel

... likely to have a higher usage rate than underdeveloped countries. The U.S.A.and Brazil are at the forefront of ethanol production for its use as an alternative fuel. The U.S.A. is currently using ethanol as a 10% blending component of gasoline and more than $3 billion has been invested in sixty ethanol ... Australia. Based on the level of current usage of ethanol as an alternative car fuel, it has not yet gained worldwide usage. Levels of usage in individual countries vary but it appears that research and development into this area will only increase its current usage in the near ... of...

  • Word Count: 1377
  • Approx Pages: 6
  • Grade Level: Undergraduate

7. Zero Tolerance Policies and Adolescent Development

... et al, 2006). They conducted a meta-analysis of existing psychological research concerning psychosocial maturity. In evaluating whether zero-tolerance policies adequately support adolescents during a critical period of development, the report cited the findings of Gardner and Steinberg in 2005. In their analysis of adolescent decision-making and risk behavior, Gardner and Steinberg found a number of ... published by the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing (2011) more specifically examined the unintended negative consequences of zero-tolerance policies in schools and explo...

  • Word Count: 4044
  • Approx Pages: 16
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: Graduate

8. Globalization and Development

... states needed to engineer the creation of capitalism. This perspective was a developing world form of liberalism very different from the extreme neoliberalism of globalization advocates. The alternative view, called dependency theory, is broadly Marxist in its hostility to globalization. Dependency theorists argue that the history and contemporary realities of the international capitalist system have ... economics and politics were shaped in ways that prevented national self-determination and economic betterment. In practice, both modernization and dependency thinking impacted the politi...

  • Word Count: 7309
  • Approx Pages: 29
  • Grade Level: Graduate

9. Alternative Medicine

... of years. In America, professional and public interest in the field of alternative care has grown to such an extent that, in 1992, the U.S. government established the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Its mission is to speed the discovery, development, and validation of potential treatments to complement our current healthcare system. One ... of the OAM's first tasks was to develop a classification system for the dozens of various therapies and practices. The systems of alternative medical practice the OAM has classified so far share ma...

  • Word Count: 1842
  • Approx Pages: 7
  • Has Bibliography
  • Grade Level: High School

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