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Originns of Psychology - Damien Porter



             Introspection was used to determine the basic elements of his experience.
             Unfortunately, Structuralism did not withstand the test of time. It died out in the early twentieth century. The major problem of Wundt's approach was the difficulty encountered by his observers in reporting raw data of sensation, that is, data unmodified by experience and also because psychological investigating shifted from the human mind to human behavior.
             FUNCTIONALISM.
             Brother of the novelist Henry James, William James (1842-1910), founder of the school has been described as the true first American psychologist. James' wealthy family was visited by celebrities of that time like Henry David Thoreau. James was given a MD degree from Harvard University but he did not practice medicine because it was not challenging intellectually, instead he decided to teach first physiology, then philosophy and finally psychology all at Harvard. James became a giant in psychology especially after his book "Principles of Psychology-.
             A major figure was James in the development of psychology in the United States and his main attention was on the connection between conscious experience and behavior. His argument was that the flow of consciousness is fluid and continuous. He used introspection to convince him that structuralist theory was not so true. We will touch on the battle of the schools later on.
             What is functionalism? Its main focus was on behavior and in addition to the conscious or mind. Functionalist looked at how our experience help function more adaptively in our environments. They also used Darwin's theory: organisms with the adaptive features (fittest) survive and reproduce; and from that they said that adaptive behaviors are learned and maintained.
             James wrote, "Habit is the enormous flywheel of society."" Habit keeps the heart of civilization running.
             GESTALT.
             This school was prominent in Germany in the 1920's but in the 1930's Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), and Wolfgang KÖlher (1887-1967) the founders of the school left Europe to the United States to escape the Nazi threat.


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