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Political Audacity


            
             Martin Luther and John Calvin both presented strong and daring attitudes to political authority and social order. Their bold statements and actions both carried equal punch to reform religion during the fifteen-hundreds. Both were equally adequate in this reform, but each also had a staggeringly different approach.
             Martin Luther founded the group that is known as the Lutherans. He was ordained a priest in 1507. He dealt with questions dealing with the structure of the church and with its moral values. These questions were important in Luther's eyes, but the most important was how to find favor with God. Luther tried to pray, fast, and repent, but he never felt self-satisfaction. He eventually concluded that God's love was not a prize or a reward to be earned or won, but a gift to be accepted. In 1517, Luther was involved in a controversy which involved indulgences. Indulgences were the idea that a person could donate money to a worthy cause in exchange for forgiveness of their sins. Luther opposed this idea and stated his beliefs in his Ninety-Five Thesis, which he posted on the castle door in Wittenberg, Germany. In 1521, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Luther was then ordered to appear before a council which demanded that he retract his teachings. Luther intern stated that unless he was inspired to do so by scripture he would not "since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience." Perhaps Martin Luther's greatest attribution to the development of modern religion was his translation of the bible from Latin to German. This allowed nearly everyone the ability to read the bible for themselves and make there own conclusions on what the literary work meant.
             John Calvin teachings were especially influential in Switzerland, England, Scotland, and colonial North America. Calvin's followers in France were known as the Huguenots, and in England they were know as the Puritans.


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